【Title】Property Law of the People's Republic of China
【Document No.】Order No. 62 of the President of the People's Republic of China
【Promulgation Date】2007-03-16
【Effective Date】2007-10-01
【Repealed Date】
【Promulgation Body】National People's Congress;Land Law
【Status】Effective
【Status Description】

【Full Text】
 
Property Law of the People's Republic of China
  
     
The "Property Law of the People's Republic of China" was adopted at the Fifth Session of the Tenth National People's Congress on March 16, 2007. This Law is hereby promulgated and shall be effective as of October 1, 2007.
 
Hu Jintao
President of the People's Republic of China
March 16, 2007
 
 
 
 
 
PART I  GENERAL PROVISIONS
 
 
Chapter 1  Basic principles
 
 
Article 1
 
This Law is hereby formulated according to the Constitution for the sake of safeguarding the basic economic system of the State and the order of socialist market economy, ascertaining the attribution of things, bringing into play the usefulness of things and protecting the property rights of the obligees.
 
Article 2
 
This Law shall govern the civil relationships stemming from attribution and use of things.
 
The things as mentioned in this Law shall include realties and chattels.  Where there are other laws prescribing that rights shall be the object of the property, those laws shall be followed.
 
The property rights as mentioned in this Law shall refer to the rights of the obligees to directly control specific things to the exclusion of others, which shall include ownership, right of usufruct, and security interest.
 
Article 3
 
In the primary stage of socialism, the State shall uphold the basic economic system by keeping public ownership dominant and having the economic sectors of diverse forms of ownership to develop side by side.
 
The State shall consolidate and develop the economic sector of public ownership, and encourage, support and guide the development of the economic sector of non-public ownership.
 
The State shall practice socialist market economy, the equal legal status and the right to development of all the subjects of the market shall be safeguarded.
 
Article 4
 
The property rights of the State, collectives and individuals and the property rights of other obligees shall be under legal protection, no entity or individual may infringe on them.
 
Article 5
 
The types and contents of property rights shall be prescribed by laws.
 
Article 6
 
For the creation, alteration, assignment or elimination of the property rights of realties, registration thereof shall be completed according to the provisions of law. For the creation and assignment of the property rights of chattels, the chattels shall be transferred according to the provisions of law.
 
Article 7
 
The acquisition and exercise of property rights shall abide by the law. Morals of the society shall be respected, and it shall not prejudice the public interests and the legitimate rights and interests of others.
 
Article 8
 
Where there are provisions in other laws governing the property rights, those laws shall be followed.
 
 
Chapter 2  Creation, Alteration, Assignment or Elimination of Property Rights
 
 
Section 1  Registration of Realties
 
 
Article 9
 
For the creation, alteration, assignment or elimination of the property rights of realties, registration thereof shall be completed according to law for giving them legal effect. Unless otherwise stated in the provisions of law, no legal effect will be given if the registration has not been completed.
 
With respect to the natural resources owned by the State according to law, it is optional for the ownership thereof not to go through the registration process.
 
Article 10
 
The registration of realties shall be completed in a registration institution where the realties are situated.
 
The State shall implement a unified realties registration system. The scope, registration institutions and registration measures of the unified registration shall be prescribed by laws and administrative regulations.
 
Article 11
 
The party filing an application for registration shall, according to the different registration matters, submit a certificate showing the ownership of realty and other necessary materials such as the location and area of the realty.
 
Article 12
 
A registration institution shall perform the following duties:
 
(1) examine the certificate showing the ownership of realty and other necessary materials submitted by the applicant;
 
(2) inquire the applicant in relation to registration matters;
 
(3) register the relevant matters factually and promptly; and
 
(4) other duties as prescribed by the laws and administrative regulations.
 
Where the relevant situations of the chattel subject to the application for registration need to be proved further, the registration institution may require the applicant to submit additional materials and, if necessary, carry out a site visit to the chattel.
 
Article 13
 
A registration institution shall not conduct the following activities:
 
(1) require appraisal to the realty;
 
(2) conduct duplicated registration in the name of annual examinations, etc.; and
 
(3) other conducts beyond the scope of the registration duties.
 
Article 14
 
Where registration shall be carried out in respect of the creation, alteration, assignment or elimination of the property rights of chattels according to the provisions of law, the effectiveness thereof shall come into force once the entries have been made in the register of realties.
 
Article 15
 
Unless otherwise stated in the provisions of law or stipulated in the contract, a contract for the creation, alteration, assignment or elimination of property rights concluded between the parties concerned shall come into force at the time of conclusion; the effectiveness of the contact shall not be prejudiced despite of the failure of completing the registration process of the property rights.
 
Article 16
 
The register of realties shall form the basis with regard to the attribution and contents of the property rights. The register of realties shall be managed by the registration institution.
 
Article 17
 
The certificate showing the ownership of realty is the proof of entitlement to ownership of that realty by the obligee. The matters entered in the certificate showing the ownership of realty shall be consistent with the register of realties. In the event of inconsistency, the register of realties shall prevail, unless it is proven with evidence that the register of realties is wrong.
 
Article 18
 
A registration institution shall provide the registration information to the obligee or the interested party if he makes enquiries or duplication thereof.
 
Article 19
 
If an obligee or interested party is of the opinion that the matters entered in the register of realties are wrong, he may apply for rectification of the registration. The registration institution shall make the rectification if the obligee as entered in the register of realties consents, in writing, to the rectification or it is proven with evidence that the register of realties is wrong.
 
If the obligee as entered in the register of realties objects to the rectification, the interested party may apply for an objection registration. After the completion of the objection registration with the registration institution, the effectiveness of such registration shall cease if the applicant fails to bring an action within 15 days since the date of completing the objection registration. If prejudice is caused to the obligee by the inappropriateness of the objection registration, the obligee may seek damages from the applicant.
 
Article 20
 
Where the parties concerned have concluded a sale and purchase agreement on a house or other agreements on the property rights of any other realties, they may, for the purpose of securing the realization of the property rights in the future, file an application to the registration institution for advance notice registration according to the stipulations. After the completion of the advance notice registration, no effect will be given to the property rights if disposition is made to the realty without the consent of the obligee in the advance notice registration.
 
After the completion of advance notice registration, the effectiveness of the advance notice registration shall cease if the creditor's rights are eliminated or the registration is not applied for within 3 months since the date when the realty registration can be applied for.
 
Article 21
 
A party shall assume the liability of compensation if he submits fraudulent materials for application of registration and others are prejudiced as a result.
 
A registration institution shall assume the liability of compensation for the mistaken registration if others are prejudiced as a result. After the compensation has been made by the registration institution, it can seek redress from the one who has resulted in the mistaken registration.
 
Article 22
 
The registration fee of realty shall be charged per item, it shall not be charged with reference to the area, volume, or pricing ratio of the realty, the specific charging standards shall be prescribed by the competent department in charge of pricing in collaboration with the relevant department of the State Council.
 
 
Section 2  Delivery of Chattels
 
 
Article 23
 
The creation and assignment of the property rights of a chattel shall come into force at the time of delivery, unless it is otherwise stated in the provisions of law.
 
Article 24
 
The creation, alteration, assignment or elimination of the property rights over vessels, flight vehicles and motor vehicles shall not be used against a bona fide third party if it is not registered.
 
Article 25
 
If the obligee has already possessed the chattel prior to the creation and assignment of the property rights of the chattel, the property rights thereof shall come into force at the time when the legal conducts comes into effect.
 
Article 26
 
If a third party has already possessed the chattel according to law prior to the creation and assignment of the property rights of that chattel, the person charged with the delivery obligations may request the third party to return the rights over the originals by assignment in place of delivery.
 
Article 27
 
At the time of assignment of the property rights of a chattel, if both parties have also prescribed that the assignor shall continuously possess that chattel; the property rights thereof shall come into force since the prescribed time of effectiveness.
 
 
Section 3  Other Provisions
 
 
Article 28
 
Where the property rights are created, altered, assigned or eliminated as a result of the legal documents of the people's courts or arbitration committees or the decisions of expropriation of the people's governments, the property rights thereof shall come into force since the effectiveness of the legal documents or decisions of expropriation of the people's governments, etc.
 
Article 29
 
Where the property rights are acquired by means of inheritance or bequest, the property rights thereof shall come into force since the commencement of inheritance or bequest.
 
Article 30
 
Where the property rights are created or eliminated owing to the factual conducts such as the construction or demolition of houses by legal means, the property rights thereof shall come into force since the accomplishment of the factual conducts.
 
Article 31
 
Where the property rights of the realty can be enjoyed or disposed of according to the provisions under Articles 28-30 of this Law, the property rights thereof shall be registered promptly in accordance with the provisions of law if the law requires so. No legal effect will be given to the property rights if the registration has not been completed.
 
 
Chapter 3  Protection of Property Rights
 
 
Article 32
 
If the property rights have been infringed upon, the obligee may resolve it through settlement, mediation, arbitration or litigation, etc.
 
Article 33
 
If a dispute arises from the attribution and contents of the property rights, the interested party may request for affirmation of rights.
 
Article 34
 
Where a person has no right to possess the realty or chattel, the obligee may ask for the return of the originals from that person
 
Article 35
 
Where the exercise of the property rights is hindered or likely to be hindered, the obligee may demand for elimination of the hindrance or risks.
 
Article 36
 
Where damage is caused to the real state or chattels, the obligee may demand for repair, reconstruction, replacement or restoration to the real state or chattels.
 
Article 37
 
If the property rights have been infringed upon and prejudice is caused to the obligee as a result, the obligee may seek damages from the infringer. The obligee may also request for assumption of other civil liability by the infringer
 
Article 38
 
The manners of protection of the property rights as prescribed in this Chapter can be adapted in isolation; they can also be adapted in combination in light of the situation of infringement to the rights.
 
Apart from assuming the civil liability, the infringer having infringed the property rights in violation of the provisions of administrative management shall also assume the administrative liability according to law; his criminal liability shall be investigated if a criminal offence is constituted.
 
 
PART II  OWNERSHIP
 
 
Chapter 4  General Provisions
 
 
Article 39
 
The person enjoying the ownership shall be entitled to enjoy the rights of possession, utilization, proceeds collection and disposition with respect to his own realty and chattel according to law.
 
Article 40
 
The person enjoying the ownership shall have the right to create the right of usufruct and security interest on his own realty and chattel. The rights and interests of the person enjoying the ownership shall not be prejudiced by the exercise of rights by the usufructuaries or the persons enjoying the security interest.
 
Article 41
 
No entity or individual is allowed to acquire the ownership of the realty or chattel which can only be owned exclusively by the State according to the provisions of law.
 
Article 42
 
For the need of public interests, the collectively-owned land, the houses of the entities and the individuals as well as other realties may be expropriated according to the limits of power and procedures as prescribed by laws.
 
When the collectively-owned land is being expropriated, the collective owners thereof shall receive compensation in full according to law, which shall include land compensation fees, resettlement subsidies, and compensation for the attachments and seedlings on the land. The social security fees shall be arranged for the peasants whose land is subject to expropriation, thereby protecting the livelihoods and safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of the peasants whose land is subject to expropriation.
 
When the houses of the entities and the individuals as well as other realties are being expropriated, the owners thereof shall get compensated for demolishment and relocation according to law, thereby safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of the owners whose realties are subject to expropriation; when the houses of the individuals are being expropriated, the owners thereof shall also have their conditions of domicile secured.
 
No entity or individual shall embezzle, misappropriate, illegally share, withhold or pay in default the compensation for expropriation or other fees.
 
Article 43
 
The State shall provide special protection for cultivated land through strictly restricting the transformation of land for agriculture into land for construction and keeping under control the total amount of land used for construction. No entity shall expropriate collective-owned land by exceeding the limits of power or in violation of the procedures as prescribed by laws.
 
Article 44
 
For the urgent needs such as the rushing to deal with emergencies or rescue in disasters, the realties or chattels of the entities or individuals can be expropriated according to the limits of power and procedures as prescribed by laws. The expropriated realties or chattels shall be returned to the owners after use. Compensation shall be made to the individuals for their expropriated realties or chattels or if their realties or chattels are damaged or lost after the expropriation.
 
 
Chapter 5  State Ownership, Collective Ownership and Private Ownership
 
 
Article 45
 
The properties that shall be owned by the state as prescribed by law shall be owned by the State, that is, by all people.
 
The ownership of the State-owned properties shall be exercised by the State Council on behalf of the State; unless it is otherwise prescribed by law, which shall then be followed accordingly.
 
Article 46
 
Mineral resources, water flow, maritime space shall be owned by the State.
 
Article 47
 
Urban land shall be owned by the State. The land in the rural villages and suburban areas that shall be owned by the State as prescribed by law shall be owned by the State.
 
Article 48
 
Natural resources including forests, mountains, grassland, barren land, beaches and shoals shall be owned by the State, unless it is prescribed by other laws that they shall be collectively-owned.
 
Article 49
 
The resources of wild flora and fauna that shall be owned by the State as prescribed by law shall be owned by the State.
 
Article 50
 
The radio frequency spectrum resources shall be owned by the State.
 
Article 51
 
The cultural relics that shall be owned by the State as prescribed by law shall be owned by the State.
 
Article 52
 
The assets for the national defense shall be owned by the State.
 
The infrastructures including railways, roads, electricity facilities, telecommunication facilities and pipes and conduits for patrols and gases that shall be owned by the State as prescribed by law shall be owned by the State.
 
Article 53
 
The State authorities shall enjoy the rights of possession and utilization, together with the rights of disposition pursuant to the relevant provisions of law and the State Council with respect to the realties and chattels under his direct control.
 
Article 54
 
The public institutions organized by the State shall enjoy the rights of possession and utilization, together with the rights of proceeds collection and disposition pursuant to the relevant provisions of law and the State Council with respect to the realties and chattels under their direct control.
 
Article 55
 
For enterprises established by means of State's investment, the State Council and the local people's governments shall represent the State respectively to perform the duties as capital contributors and enjoy the rights and interests as capital contributors of the enterprises pursuant to the provisions of law and administrative regulations.
 
Article 56
 
The property owned by the State shall be under legal protection, any illegal possession, looting, illegal sharing, withholding or destruction of such property by any entity or individual is prohibited.
 
Article 57
 
The authorities and their staff members in charge of performing the duties of administration of and supervision over State-owned property shall strengthen the management of and supervision over the State-owned property, facilitate the maintenance and appreciation to the value of the State-owned property, and prevent loss to the State-owned property according to law. Where in performing their duties of administration of and supervision over State-owned property, the authorities and their staff members cause loss of State-owned property due to their abuse of power or dereliction of their duties, they shall assume legal liability according to law.
 
Any entity or individual that, in violation of the provisions on management of State-owned property, causes loss of State-owned property by transferring it at a low price, illegally sharing it in conspiracy with others, placing a charge over it without authorization, or by other means in the course of restructure of the enterprise, merger or division of the enterprise, or affiliated transaction, etc., shall assume legal liability according to law.
 
Article 58
 
The collectively-owned realties and chattels shall include:
 
(1) collectively-owned land, forests, mountains, grassland, barren land, beaches and shoals as prescribed by laws;
 
(2) collectively-owned buildings, production facilities, farmland and irrigation facilities;
 
(3) collectively-owned educational, scientific, cultural, hygienic, and sports facilities, etc.; and
 
(4) other collectively-owned realties and chattels.
 
Article 59
 
The realties and chattels that are collectively owned by peasants shall be collectively owned by all the members of the collective.
 
The following matters shall be decided by the members of the collective in accordance with the statutory procedures:
 
(1) Proposal on the contractual management of land, and proposal of issuing the contractual land to entities or individuals other than the collective for contractual management;
 
(2) Adjustment of the contracted land between individual persons enjoying the right to contractual management of land;
 
(3) Measures for the utilization and distribution of fees such as the land compensation fees;
 
(4) Matters such as the alteration of ownership of the enterprises established with the capital contributions by the collective; and
 
(5) Other matters as prescribed by the laws.
 
Article 60
 
With respect to the collectively-owned land, forests, mountains, grassland, barren land, beaches and shoals, etc., the ownership thereof shall be exercised according to the following provisions:
 
(1) for those collectively owned by peasants, the ownership thereof shall be exercised on behalf of the collective by the collective economic organization or the villagers' committee in the village;
 
(2) for those collectively owned by two or more peasants respectively in a village, the ownership thereof shall be exercised on behalf of the collective by the collective economic organizations or the villagers' group in the village; and
 
(3) for those collectively owned by peasants in a township or a town, the ownership thereof shall be exercised on behalf of the collective by the economic organization in that township or town.
 
Article 61
 
The urban collective shall enjoy the rights of possession, utilization, proceeds collection and disposition with respect to its realties and chattels according to the provisions of the laws and administrative regulations.
 
Article 62
 
A collective economic organization, villagers' committee or villagers' group shall announce the collectively-owned property conditions to the members of the collective in accordance with the laws, administrative regulations, articles of association, village regulations and pledges of the villagers.
 
Article 63
 
The collectively-owned property shall be protected by law, any illegal possession, looting, illegal sharing or destruction by any entity or individual is prohibited.
 
If the decisions of the collective economic organization, villagers' committee or their persons-in-charge infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of the members of the collective, the infringed member of the collective may petition to the people's court to quash the decisions.
 
Article 64
 
The individuals shall be entitled to enjoy ownership of their realties and chattels including lawful incomes, houses, daily necessities, tools for production, and raw materials.
 
Article 65
 
The lawful private savings, investments and the proceeds derived therefrom shall be under legal protection.
The State shall protect individuals to inheritance and other legitimate rights and interests according to the provisions of law.
 
Article 66
 
The lawful property of the individuals shall be under legal protection, any illegal possession, looting or destruction of such property by any entity or individual is prohibited.
 
Article 67
 
The State, collectives and individuals may establish limited liability companies, companies limited by shares or other enterprises according to law. Where the realties and chattels owned by the State, collectives and individuals are invested into the enterprises, the capital contributors shall be entitled to enjoy the rights including the collection of proceeds derived from the assets, making of significant decisions and selection of administrators in charge of the operation and perform the obligations in accordance with the stipulations or the ratio of capital contribution.
 
Article 68
 
The corporate enterprises shall be entitled to enjoy the rights of possession, utilization, proceeds collection and disposition with respect to their realties and chattels according to the laws, administrative regulations and articles of association. For legal persons other than the corporate legal persons, their rights with respect to their realties and chattels shall be governed by the relevant provisions of the laws, administrative regulations and articles of association.
 
Article 69
 
The realties and chattels lawfully owned by the social organizations shall be under legal protection.
 
 
Chapter 6  Condominium Right of the Owner
 
 
Article 70
 
The owners shall be entitled to enjoy the ownership over the exclusive parts within a building, such as the residential units and the units for business purposes; they shall be entitled to enjoy the rights of co-ownership and joint management over the common parts other than the exclusive parts of the building.
 
Article 71
 
The owners shall be entitled to enjoy the rights of possession, utilization, proceeds collection and disposition over the exclusive parts of the building; however, they shall not, when exercising their rights, endanger the safety of the building or prejudice the legitimate rights and interests of other owners.
 
Article 72
 
The owners shall enjoy the rights and perform the obligations over the common parts other than the exclusive parts of the building. They cannot refuse to perform the obligations by disclaiming their rights.
 
Where the owners assign the residential units and the units for business purposes in the building, the rights of co-ownership and joint management over the common parts of the building shall also be assigned altogether.
 
Article 73
 
Except the public roads in the cities and towns, the roads situated in the building zone shall be co-owned by the owners. Except the green land owned by the cities and towns or owned expressly by the individuals, the green land situated in the building zone shall be co-owned by the owners. Other public places, public facilities and houses for the property services situated in the building zone shall be co-owned by the owners.
 
Article 74
 
The parking spaces and garages that are situated in the building zone and planned for parking of cars shall be used to satisfy the needs of the owners.
 
The attribution of the parking spaces and garages that are situated in the building zone and planned for parking of cars shall be stipulated by the parties concerned by means of sale, giveaway or leasing, etc.
 
The parking spaces occupying the roads or other places which are co-owned by the owners and used for parking of cars shall be co-owned by the owners.
 
Article 75
 
The owners may hold owners' assemblies for election of owners' committees.
 
The relevant authorities of the local people's governments at the county level or above shall give guidance and assistance for the establishment of owners' assemblies or election of owners' committees.
 
Article 76
 
The following matters shall be jointly decided by the owners:
 
(1) formulate and amend the rules of procedure of the owners' assembly;
 
(2) formulate and amend the management rules and contracts for the building and its ancillary facilities;
 
(3) elect or replace the members of the owners' committee;
 
(4) select, engage and dismiss property services enterprises and other administrators;
 
(5) raise and utilize the funds for the maintenance of the building and its ancillary facilities;
 
(6) modify or redevelop the building and its ancillary facilities; and
 
(7) other significant matters related to co-ownership or joint management.
 
In deciding the matters as stipulated in items (5) & (6) in the preceding paragraph, consent has to be obtained from at least two-thirds of the owners whose exclusive parts are occupying at least two-thirds of the total area in that building; whereas in deciding other matters in the preceding paragraph, consent has to be obtained from at least half of the total number of owners whose exclusive parts are occupying at least half of the total area in that building.
 
Article 77
 
No owner may turn a residential unit into a unit for business purposes in violation of the laws, rules and regulations and the management rules and contracts. If an owner intends to turn a residential unit into a unit for business purposes, he shall, apart from abiding by the laws, rules and regulations and the management rules and contracts, should have obtained the consent from the interested owner.
 
 
Article 78
 
The decisions of the owners' assemblies and the owners' committees are binding to owners.
 
If the decisions of the owners' assemblies and the owners' committees infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of the owners, the infringed owners may petition to the people's court to quash the decisions.
 
Article 79
 
The funds for the maintenance of the building and its ancillary facilities are co-owned by owners; upon the joint decisions of owners, the funds can be used for the maintenance of the common parts such as lifts and water tanks. The raising and utilization situations of the maintenance fund shall be announced.
 
Article 80
 
The matters including the sharing of capital contribution and allocation of proceeds of the building and its ancillary facilities shall be governed by the stipulations, if any. Where they are neither specified nor specified unequivocally in the stipulations, they shall be determined according to the ratio of the exclusive parts to the total area of the building occupied by the owners.
 
Article 81
 
The owners may manage the building and its ancillary facilities on their own, or they may entrust the management responsibilities to the property services enterprises or other administrators.
 
The owners shall have the right to replace the property services enterprises or other administrators engaged by the construction unit according to law.
 
Article 82
 
The property services enterprise or other administrator shall manage the building and its ancillary facilities situated in the building zone according to the owners' entrustment and it shall be subject to supervision by the owners.
 
Article 83
 
The owners shall abide by the laws, rules and regulations and the management rules and contracts.
 
With respect to the conducts which are prejudicial to the legitimate rights and interests of others, such as the discarding of garbage at will, , emission or discharge of atmospheric pollutants and noise, raising of animals in violation of the provisions, construction of illegal structures, occupation of the passageways and refusal of paying management fees, the owners' assemblies and the owners' committees shall have the rights to require the subjects to stop the infringement, eliminate the risks and hindrance, and compensate for the losses according to the laws, rules and regulations and the management rules and contracts. Wit respect to the conducts who are infringing upon the legitimate rights and interests of the owners, the owners may commence a legal proceeding in the people's court according to law.
 
 
Chapter 7  Neighboring Relations
 
 
Article 84
 
The neighboring obligee of realty shall correctly dispose of the neighboring relations in accordance with the principles of benefit of production, giving conveniences to livelihoods, unity and mutual assistance, fairness and reasonableness.
 
Article 85
 
Where there are laws, rules and regulations prescribing the disposal of neighboring relations, they shall then be followed accordingly. Where there is no such prescription in the laws, rules and regulations, local custom may be followed.
 
Article 86
 
The obligee of realty shall provide necessary conveniences on the use of water and drainage to the neighboring obligees.
 
With respect to the utilization of natural flowing water, it shall be reasonably distributed between the neighboring obligees of realty. With respect to the discharge of natural flowing water, the natural flowage shall be respected.
 
Article 87
 
The obligee of realty shall provide necessary conveniences to the neighboring obligees if they must make use of his land for passage, etc.
 
Article 88
 
Where the obligee of realty finds it necessary to make use of the neighboring land or building for erecting or repairing another building or laying pipes and wiring including electric wires, power cables, water pipes, warm gas pipes and town gas pipes, the obligee of that land or building shall provide necessary conveniences accordingly.
 
Article 89
 
The erection of a building shall not hinder the ventilation, lighting and sunlight illumination of the neighboring building in violation of the relevant engineering and construction standards of the State.
 
Article 90
 
The obligee of realty shall not emit or discharge atmospheric pollutants, water pollutants, solid wastes and other harmful substances including noise, light, magnetic wave radiation in violation of the provisions of law.
 
Article 91
 
The obligee of realty shall not endanger the safety of the neighboring realty when excavating land, erecting a building, laying pipes and wirings, and installing facilities. The obligee of the neighboring realty shall have the right to demand the obligee of realty in work progress to provide the corresponding guaranty.
 
Article 92
 
Where the obligee of realty finds it necessary to make use of the neighboring realty for use of water, drainage, passage, laying of wirings and pipes, etc., he shall make his best effort to avoid causing prejudice to the neighboring realty; however, compensation shall be made if prejudice is caused.
 
 
Chapter 8  Co-ownership
 
 
Article 93
 
Realties and chattels can be co-owned by two or more entities or individuals. Co- ownership can be divided into ownership in common and joint ownership.
 
Article 94
 
The owners in common shall enjoy ownership to their co-owned realties and chattels according to their shares.
 
Article 95
 
The joint owners shall enjoy joint ownership to their co-owned realties and chattels.
 
Article 96
 
The co-owners shall manage their co-owned realties and chattels according to the stipulations; where it is neither specified nor specified clearly in the stipulations, every co-owner shall have the rights and obligations of management.
 
Article 97
 
With respect to the disposition of co-owned realties and chattels and significant maintenance to co-owned realties and chattels, consent has to be obtained from the owners in common with at least two-thirds of the shares or from all joint owners, unless otherwise stipulated by the co-owners.
 
Article 98
 
The management fees and other incumbrances with respect to the co-owned property shall be governed by the stipulations, if any. Where they are neither specified nor specified clearly in the stipulations, the owners in common shall bear them according to their shares, whereas the joint owners shall bear them jointly.
 
Article 99
 
Where the co-owners have stipulated that the realties or chattels shall not be partitioned for the sake of maintaining a co-ownership relation, such stipulations shall be followed; however, where the co-owner has a significant reason justifying the partition, he can request for the partition; where it is neither specified nor specified clearly in the stipulations, the owners in common may request for partition at any time, while the joint owners may request for partition when the basis for co-ownership is lost or there exists a significant reason justifying the partition. Where prejudice is caused to others on account of the partition, compensation shall be made accordingly.
 
Article 100
 
The co-owners may ascertain the partition method by an agreement. Where an agreement cannot be reached and the co-owned realties or chattels can be partitioned without causing diminishment to its value; partition shall then be made to the physical object; where its value will be diminished through or on account of the partition, it shall be realized by means of auction or sale and the proceeds derived therefrom shall be partitioned or discounted for compensation.
 
Where flaws are identified in the realties or chattels partitioned to the co-owner, other co-owners shall be required to share the losses.
 
Article 101
 
The owner in common may assign his share of the co-owned realties or chattels under his enjoyment. Other co-owners shall be entitled to enjoy the right of first refusal under the same conditions.
 
Article 102
 
In terms of the external relations, the co-owners shall enjoy joint and several creditors' rights or assume joint and several debts for the creditor's rights and debts arising from the co-owned realties or chattels, unless it is otherwise prescribed by law or the third party knows that the co-owners do not have the relation of joint and several creditor's rights or debts. In terms of the internal relations between the co-owners, the owners-in-common shall enjoy creditor's rights and assume debts according to their shares, the joint-owners shall jointly enjoy creditor's rights and assume debts, unless the co-owners have made stipulations otherwise. If the repayment of debts by the owner-in-common has exceeded his assumed portion, the owner-in-common shall have the right to demand other co-owners for the recovery of the surplus.
 
Article 103
 
If the co-owners have neither specified nor specified clearly in the stipulations whether the co-owned realties or chattels are to be owned in common or jointly owned, it shall be regarded as being owned in common unless the co-owners have a family relationship.
 
Article 104
 
The share entitled for enjoyment by the owner in common with respect to the co-owned realties or chattels shall be ascertained according to the amount of capital contribution if it is neither specified nor specified clearly in the stipulations; where the amount of capital contribution cannot be ascertained, it shall be regarded as the enjoyment in equal shares.
 
Article 105
 
This Chapter shall be referred to for the joint enjoyment of the right of usufruct or security interest by two or more entities or individuals.
 
 
Chapter 9  Special Provisions Governing the Acquisition of Ownership
 
 
Article 106
 
If a person without the right of disposition assigns the realties or chattels to the assignee, the owner thereof shall have the right to claim it back. Unless otherwise prescribed by law, the assignee shall acquire the ownership of the realties or chattels if one of the following conditions is met:
 
(1) the assignee was in good faith at the time of receiving the assigned realties or chattels;
 
(2) it was assigned at a fair value; or
 
(3) the assigned realties or chattels that should be registered according to the provisions of law has already completed the registration process; or it has been assigned to the assignee if no registration is required;
 
Where the assignee has acquired the ownership of the realties or chattels according to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the original owner shall have the right to demand compensation for losses against the person who is without the right of disposition.
 
References shall be made to the foregoing paragraphs for other property rights acquired by the parties concerned in good faith.
 
Article 107
 
The owner or other obligees shall have the right to claim the lost property. Where the lost property has been possessed by others through assignment, the obligee shall have the right to demand for compensation against the person without the right of disposition or to demand for return of the originals within 2 years since the date the obligee knows or should have known the assignee; where the assignee has acquired that lost property by means of auction or through purchase from a business operator with the business operation qualifications, the obligee shall reimburse the fee paid by that assignee when he demands for return of the originals, afterwards the obligee shall have the right to see compensation from the person without the right of disposition.
 
Article 108
 
Once a chattel has been acquired by a bona fide assignee, the right originally vested in the chattel shall be eliminated, unless the bona fide assignee knew the subsistence of that right at the time of assignment.
 
Article 109
 
A lost property, if found, shall be returned to the obligee. The finder shall promptly notify the obligee to claim the found property or hand it over to the relevant authorities such as the public security.
 
Article 110
 
Upon receipt of the found property, the relevant authority shall promptly notify the obligee, if his identity is known, to claim the found property. A notice of claim shall be announced if the obligee cannot be ascertained.
 
Article 111
 
The found property shall be kept properly by the finder before it is handed over to the relevant authority, it shall also be kept properly by the relevant authority before it is claimed. Where the found property is damaged or lost deliberately or for the reason of gross negligence, it shall assume civil liability accordingly.
 
Article 112
 
At the time of claiming the found property, the obligee shall reimburse or pay the necessary fees such as the safekeeping fee of the lost property to the finder or the relevant authority.
 
Where the obligee has offered a reward for the successful finding of the lost property, the obligee shall perform his obligations of undertaking to give the reward to the finder at the time of claiming the found property.
 
Where a finder has seized the found property, he shall have no right to demand for the reimbursement or payment of the necessary fees such as the safekeeping fee of the lost property or demand the obligee to perform his obligations according to his undertaking.
 
Article 113
 
The found property shall be forfeited to the State if it is unclaimed within six months since the date of announcement of the notice of claim.
 
Article 114
 
The finding of flotsam and the discovery of buriers or conceal objects shall be disposed of according to the relevant provisions concerning the finding of lost property. Where it is otherwise prescribed in the laws such as the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics", those laws shall be followed.
 
Article 115
 
The accessory thing shall be assigned along with the principal thing when the latter is assigned, unless the parties concerned have stated otherwise.
 
Article 116
 
The natural proceeds shall be acquired by the owner; where both owner and usufructuary are present, the natural proceeds shall be acquired by the usufructuary, unless the parties concerned have stated otherwise, which shall then be followed accordingly.
 
The statutory proceeds shall be acquired in accordance with the stipulations of the parties concerned, if any. Where it is neither specified nor specified clearly in the stipulations, it shall be acquired in accordance with the trading custom.
 
 
PART III  RIGHT OF USUFRUCT
 
 
Chapter 10  General Provisions
 
 
Article 117
 
A usufructuary shall be entitled according to law to enjoy the rights of possession, utilization and proceeds collection over the realties or chattels that are owned by others.
 
Article 118
 
An entity or individual may, according to law, possess, utilize or collect proceeds from the natural resources and entities which are owned by the State, owned by the State but allowed for utilization by the collectives, or regarded as collectively-owned according to the provisions of law.
 
Article 119
 
The State shall implement the system of non-gratuitous utilization of natural resources, unless it is otherwise stated in the provisions of law.
 
Article 120
 
In exercising his rights, a usufructuary shall abide by the provisions of law relevant to the protection, reasonable exploitation and utilization of resources. The owner shall not interfere with the exercise of rights by the usufructuary.
 
Article 121
 
Where the right of usufruct is eliminated or the exercise thereof is prejudiced for the reason of expropriation or requisition of the realties or chattels, the usufructuary shall be entitled to receive the corresponding compensation pursuant to the provisions of Articles 42 & 44 of this Law.
 
Article 122
 
The right to use the maritime space as acquired according to law shall be under legal protection.
 
Article 123
 
The right to prospect, the mining right, the water collection right, and the rights to use water areas, beaches and shoals for engaging in aquatic breeding and fishery businesses as acquired according to law shall be under legal protection.
 
 
Chapter 11  Right to Land Contractual Management
 
 
Article 124
 
The rural collective economic organizations shall apply the dual operation system characterized by the combination of centralized operation with decentralized operation on the basis of operation by household contractual management.
 
The land contractual management system shall be implemented to the cultivated land, woodland, grassland, and other land used for agricultural purposes which are owned by peasants' collectives or owned by the State but allowed for utilization by peasants' collectives.
 
Article 125
 
The person enjoying the right to land contractual management shall be entitled to enjoy the rights of possession, utilization and proceeds collection over his contractually managed cultivated land, woodland and grassland, etc., he shall have the right to engage in the agricultural production such as plantation, forestry and animal husbandry.
 
Article 126
 
The contractual period of the cultivated land shall be 30 years. The contractual period of the grassland shall be between 30 and 70 years. The contractual period of the woodland with special forest may be extended upon the approval of the competent administrative department in charge of forestry under the State Council.
 
Upon the expiration of the contractual periods as prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the person enjoying the right to land contractual management may continue to enforce the contract according to the relevant provisions of the State.
 
Article 127
 
The right to land contractual management shall be created at the time when the contract for the right to land contractual management becomes effective.
 
The people's governments at the county level or above shall issue the certificate for the right to land contractual management, certificate for the right to forestry, or certificate for the right to grassland to the person enjoying the right to land contractual management, the said certificates shall also be registered for ascertaining his right to land contractual management.
 
Article 128
 
The person enjoying the right to land contractual management shall have the right to circulate his right to contractual management of land by means of subcontract, exchange or assignment, etc. according to the provisions of the Rural Land Contract Law. The period of circulation shall not exceed the residue of the original contract for the land contractual management. No non-agricultural construction on the contracted land will be allowed without the the approval according to law.
 
Article 129
 
Where a person enjoying the right to land contractual management circulates his right to land contractual management by means of exchange or assignment, and where the parties concerned demand for registration thereof, application shall be made to the people's governments at the county level or above for alteration of registration for the right to land contractual management; it shall not be used against a bona fide third party if no registration has been made.
 
Article 130
 
A contract-issuing party is prohibited from adjusting the contracted land within the contractual period.
 
Where exceptional circumstances such as destruction to the contracted land by natural disasters occur, and it is necessary to suitably adjust the contracted cultivated land and grassland, the situation shall be handled according to the provisions of the Rural Land Contract Law as well as the provisions of other laws.
 
Article 131
 
A contract-issuing party is prohibited from resuming the contracted land within the contractual period, unless it is otherwise prescribed in the Rural Land Contract Law as well as in other laws, those laws shall be followed accordingly.
 
Article 132
 
If the contracted land is expropriated, the a person enjoying the right to land contractual management shall be entitled to receive the corresponding compensation pursuant to the provisions under paragraph 2 of Article 42 of this Law.
 
Article 133
 
As for the land of the rural villages such as barren land which is contracted by means of bid invitation, auction or through open negotiations, its right to land contractual management can be circulated by means of assignment, shares purchase, mortgage, etc. according to the relevant provisions of the Rural Land Contract Law as well as the provisions of other laws and the relevant provisions of the State Council.
 
Article 134
 
References shall be made to the relevant provisions of this Law for implementing the contractual management of the State-owned agricultural land.
 
 
Chapter 12  Construction Land Use Rights
 
 
Article 135
 
A person enjoying the construction land use rights shall be entitled to enjoy the rights of possession, utilization and proceeds collection over the State-owned land, he shall have the right to erect buildings, architectures and their ancillary facilities on the land.
 
Article 136
 
The construction land use rights can be created on, above or below the land surface. The newly created construction land use rights shall not prejudice the created right of usufruct.
 
Article 137
 
The construction land use rights can be created by means of assignment or transfer, etc.
 
Where the nature of the land is for business purposes such as industry, commerce, travel, entertainment or commercial residential houses or there are at least two intended land users interested in the same piece of land, the land shall be assigned by means of open outcry such as bid invitation or auction.
 
It is strictly restricted to create the construction land use rights by means of transfer. Where the means of transfer is adopted, it shall abide by the provisions of the laws and administrative regulations relevant to the purposes of land use.
 
Article 138
 
Where the construction land use rights are created by means of assignment such as bid invitation, auction or agreement, the parties concerned shall conclude a written contract for the assignment of the construction land use rights.
 
The following clauses shall be incorporated into a contract for the assignment of the construction land use rights:
 
(1) titles and residences of the parties concerned;
 
(2) location and area of the land;
 
(3) space occupied by the building, architecture and their ancillary facilities
 
(4) purposes of land use;
 
(5) period of use;
 
(6) fees such as the assignment fee and their modes of payment; and
 
(7) measures for dispute resolution.
 
Article 139
 
For the creation of the construction land use rights, application for registration of the construction land use rights shall be made to registration authority. The right to the construction land shall be created at the time when the registration is completed. The registration authority shall then issue a certificate of construction land use rights to the person enjoying the construction land use rights.
 
Article 140
 
A person enjoying the construction land use rights shall make a reasonable use of the land; he shall not alter the purposes of land use. Where the purposes of land use needs to be altered, he shall seek the approval from the relevant competent administrative authority according to law.
 
Article 141
 
A person enjoying the construction land use rights shall pay the fees including the assignment fee according to the provisions of law and the stipulations of the contract.
 
Article 142
 
The ownership of the buildings, architectures and their ancillary facilities erected by the person enjoying the construction land use rights shall be vested in the person enjoying the construction land use rights, unless it is proved to the contrary.
 
Article 143
 
A person enjoying the construction land use rights shall have the right to assign, exchange, contribute capitals, bestow or mortgage the construction land use rights, unless it is otherwise prescribed by the provisions of law.
 
Article 144
 
Where the construction land use rights are to be assigned, exchanged, contributed as capitals, bestowed or mortgaged, the parties concerned shall conclude a written contract correspondingly. The period for the land use shall be stipulated by the parties concerned; however, it shall not exceed the residue of the construction land use rights.
 
Article 145
 
Where the construction land use rights are to be assigned, exchanged, contributed as capitals or bestowed, application for registration of alteration shall be made at the registration authority.
 
Article 146
 
Where the construction land use rights are to be assigned, exchanged, contributed as capitals or bestowed, the building, architecture and their ancillary facilities attached to the land shall be disposed of altogether.
 
Article 147
 
Where the building, architecture and their ancillary facilities are assigned, exchanged, contributed as capitals or bestowed, the construction land use rights of the area occupied by that building, architecture and their ancillary facilities shall be disposed of altogether.
 
Article 148
 
If, prior to the expiration of the construction land use rights, the land needs to be resumed for public interests, compensation shall be made with respect to the houses and other realties on that piece of land and the corresponding assignment fee shall be returned according to the provisions of Article 42 of this Law.
 
Article 149
 
Upon the expiration of the construction land use rights for residential houses, it shall be renewed automatically.
 
The renewal of the construction land use rights for non-residential houses upon expiration shall be handled according to the provisions of law. The attribution of the houses and other realties on that piece of land shall be disposed of according to the stipulations, if any. If it is neither specified nor specified clearly in the stipulations, it shall then be disposed of according to the provisions of the laws and administrative regulations.
 
Article 150
 
Where the construction land use rights have been extincted, the assignor shall promptly complete the cancellation registration. The registration authority shall resume the certificate of construction land use rights.
 
Article 151
 
Where the collectively-owned land is to be used as construction land, it shall be handled according to the provisions of the Land Administration Law as well as the provisions of other laws.
 
 
Chapter 13  House-site-use Right
 
 
Chapter 152
 
A person enjoying the house-site-use right shall be entitled to enjoy the rights of possession and utilization over the collectively-owned land according to law, he shall have the right to construct building and its ancillary facilities on the land according to law.
 
Chapter 153
 
The acquisition, exercise or assignment of the house-site-use right shall be governed by the provisions of the Land Administration Law as well as the provisions of other laws, and the relevant provisions of the State.
 
Article 154
 
Where a land site is lost for the reason of natural disasters, etc., the house-site-use right shall be eliminated concurrently. The rural villagers who have lost the house site shall be allocated with another house site afresh.
 
Article 155
 
Where the registered house-site-use right is assigned or eliminated, the person enjoying the house-site-use right shall promptly complete the alteration registration or cancellation registration respectively.
 
 
Chapter 14  Easement
 
 
Article 156
 
An easement holder shall have the right to use other's realties for enhancing the efficiency to his own realty according to the stipulations of the contract.
 
The "other's realty" and "own realty" as mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall refer to "servient tenement" and "dominant tenement" respectively.
 
Article 157
 
The parties concerned shall conclude a written easement contract for the creation of easement.
 
The following clauses shall be incorporated into an easement contract:
 
(1) names or titles and residences of the parties concerned;
 
(2) locations of the servient tenement and dominant tenement;
 
(3) purposes and means of use;
 
(4) period of use;
 
(5) fees and their modes of payment; and
 
(6) measures for dispute resolution.
 
Article 158
 
The easement shall be created when the easement contract becomes effective. Where the parties concerned require registration thereof, application shall be made to the registration authority for easement registration, it shall not be used against a bona fide third party if no registration has been made.
 
Article 159
 
According to the stipulation of the contract, an obligee of the servient tenement shall permit the easement holder to use his own land and not hinder the exercise of rights by the easement holder.
 
Article 160
 
An easement holder shall make use of the servient tenement according to the purposes and means of use as stipulated in the contract; he shall reduce the restrictions to the obligee of the servient tenement as far as practicable.
 
Article 161
 
The period for the easement shall be stipulated by the parties concerned; however, it shall not exceed the residue of the rights of usufruct such as the right to land contractual management and the construction land use rights.
 
Article 162
 
Where a land owner enjoys the easement or assumes the easement, the person enjoying the right to land contractual management or the person enjoying the house site use right shall be entitled to continuously enjoy or assume the created easement at the time when the right to land contractual management or the house-site-use right is created.
 
Article 163
 
If the rights such as the right to land contractual management, construction land use rights and the house site use right have already been created on the land, the land owner is prohibited from creating easement on the land without the consent of the usufructuary.
 
Article 164
 
The easement cannot be assigned in isolation. When assigning the right to land contractual management and the construction land use rights, etc., the easement shall be assigned altogether, unless it is otherwise stipulated in the contract.
 
Article 165
 
Easement cannot be mortgaged in isolation. When mortgaging the right to land contractual management and the construction land use rights, etc., the easement shall be assigned altogether at the time of realization of the mortgage.
 
Article 166
 
Where the dominant tenement, the right to land contractual management and the construction land use rights on the dominant tenement are partially assigned, the assignee shall be entitled to concurrently enjoy the easement if the assigned portion involves easement.
 
Article 167
 
Where the servient tenement, the right to land contractual management and the construction land use rights on the servient tenement are partially assigned, the easement shall be binding on the assignee if the assigned portion involves easement.
 
Article 168
 
An obligee of the servient tenement shall have the right to dissolve the easement contract and the easement shall be eliminated if the easement holder has conducted any of the following acts:
 
(1) abuse of the easement in violation of the provisions of law or stipulations of contract; or
 
(2) where the servient tenement is used non-gratuitously; however, the fee remains unpaid within a reasonable period after the expiration of the stipulated period of payment, despite the fact that two reminders therefor have been sent to the easement holder.
 
Article 169
 
Where the registered easement needs to be altered, assigned or eliminated, the alteration registration or cancellation registration shall be completed promptly.
 
 
 
PART IV  SECURITY INTEREST
 
 
Chapter 15  General Provisions
 
 
Article 170
 
Where a debtor defaults in the repayment of his debts at maturity or the situation of realization of the security interest as stipulated by the parties concerned occurs, the person enjoying the security interest shall be entitled under the law to enjoy the right of receiving compensation in priority with respect to the property subject to the security interest, unless it is otherwise prescribed by laws.
 
Article 171
 
In civil activities such as the getting of loans or trading, a creditor may, for the purpose of protecting the realization of his creditor's rights and where security is needed, create his security interest pursuant to the provisions of this Law and other laws.
 
Where a third party provides security to the creditor for the debtor, the third party may demand countersecurity from the debtor. The countersecurity shall be governed by the provisions of this Law and other laws.
 
Article 172
 
A security contract shall be concluded for the creation of the security interest according to the provisions of this Law and other laws. The security contract is a subsidiary contract of the principal contract. Where the principal contract is void, the security contract shall be void concurrently, unless it is otherwise prescribed by laws.
 
Where it is affirmed that the security contract is void, the debtor, guarantor, and creditor shall respectively assume the corresponding civil liabilities in light of their faults, if any.
 
Article 173
 
The scope of security in the security interest shall include the principal creditor's right and its interest, default fine, liquidated damages, fees for the custody of property and the realization of the security interest, unless the parties concerned have stated otherwise, which shall then be followed accordingly.
 
Article 174
 
If the property subject to the security interest is damaged, lost, expropriated, etc. during the security period, the person enjoying the security interest shall be entitled to receive compensation in priority with respect to the premium, damages and compensation to be received by him. The person enjoying the security interest may deposit or withdraw the premium, damages and compensation, etc. even prior to the expiry of the implementation period of the secured creditor's rights.
 
Article 175
 
Where no written consent is given by a third party at the time when he is providing the security, the guarantor shall no longer assume the corresponding security liabilities if the creditor allows the debtor to transfer part or all of the debts.
 
Article 176
 
Where the secured creditor's rights are composed of both physical security and personal security, and the debtor defaults in the repayment of his debts at maturity or the situation of realization of the security interest as stipulated by the parties concerned occurs, the creditor shall realize his creditor's rights according to the stipulations. Where it is neither specified nor specified clearly in the stipulations, and the debtor provides security to the property on his own, the creditor shall firstly realize his creditor's right to the property. Where a physical security is provided by a third party, the creditor may realize his creditor's rights with respect to the physical security, or he may demand the guarantor to assume the assuring liabilities. Having provided the security, the third party shall have the right to demand for compensation from the debtor after assumption of the security liabilities.
 
Article 177
 
A security interest shall be eliminated if any of the following occurs:
 
(1) the principal creditor's right is eliminated;
 
(2) the security interest is realized;
 
(3) the creditor disclaims the security interest;
 
(4) other circumstances governing the elimination of security interest as prescribed by laws.
 
Article 178
 
If there is any discrepancy between the Guaranty Law and the provisions of this Law, this Law shall prevail.
 
 
Chapter 16  Mortgage
 
 
Section 1  General Mortgage
 
Article 179
 
For securing the repayment of debts, a debtor or a third party may mortgage his property to the creditor without transferring the possession of his property to the creditor. The creditor shall have the right to receive compensation in priority if the debtor defaults in the repayment of his debts at maturity or the situation of realization of the mortgage as stipulated by the parties concerned occurs.
 
The debtor or the third party as prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall be the mortgagor, the creditor shall be the mortgagee, and the property used for providing guarantee shall be the mortgaged property.
 
Article 180
 
A debtor or a third party may mortgage the following properties to which he has the right of disposal:
 
(1) buildings and other land attachments;
 
(2) construction land use rights;
 
(3) where the right to land contractual management such as the barren land is acquired by means of bid invitation, auction or through open consultation, etc.;
 
(4) production facilities, raw materials, semi-finished goods, products;
 
(5) buildings, vessels, or flight vehicles under construction;
 
(6) means of transportation; or
 
(7) other properties the mortgaging of which is not prohibited in the laws or administrative regulations.
 
The properties as listed in the preceding paragraph may be mortgaged altogether by a mortgagor.
 
Article 181
 
With the written agreements of the parties concerned, the enterprises, individually owned stores or agricultural production operators may mortgage the current and future production facilities, raw materials, semi-finished goods and products. Where the debtor defaults in the repayment of his debts at maturity or the situation of realization of the mortgage as stipulated by the parties concerned occurs, the creditor shall have the right to receive compensation in priority on the chattel when realizing the mortgage.
 
Article 182
 
Where a mortgage is taken out on a building, the construction land use rights within the ambit of occupation by that building shall be mortgaged altogether. Where a mortgage is taken out on the construction land use rights, the buildings erected on that piece of land shall be mortgaged altogether.
 
Where the mortgagor fails to mortgage the properties altogether in compliance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the unmortgaged properties shall be regarded as having been mortgaged altogether.
 
Article 183
 
The construction land use rights of the enterprises in township or town and the village enterprises cannot be mortgaged in isolation. Where mortgages are taken out on buildings such as factories of the enterprises in townships or towns and the village enterprises, the construction land use rights within the ambit of occupation by those buildings shall be mortgaged altogether.
 
Article 184
 
The following properties shall not be mortgaged:
 
(1) land ownership;
 
(2) the collectively owned land use rights to the cultivated land, house-site-use right, and land and hill allowed for retention, etc. unless the mortgaging of which is permitted by the provisions of law;
 
(3) business sectors, educational facilities of the social communities, medical and hygienic facilities and other public welfare facilities with the goals of benefiting the public such as schools, kindergartens and hospitals;
 
(4) the ownership or the right to use of the property is unclear or in dispute;
 
(5) properties are seized, distrained or under custody according to law; or
 
(6) other properties the mortgaging of which is prohibited according to the provisions of the laws and administrative regulations
 
Article 185
 
The parties concerned shall conclude a written mortgage contract for the creation of a mortgage.
 
A mortgage contract shall in general include the following clauses:
 
(1) types and value of the secured creditor's rights;
 
(2) period for honoring the repayment debts by the debtor;
 
(3) title, quantity, quality, condition, location, attribution of ownership and attribution of the right to use of the mortgaged property; and
 
(4) scope of the guarantee.
 
Article 186
 
Prior to the expiration of the period for honoring the repayment of debts, the mortgagee shall not stipulate with the mortgagor that the mortgaged property shall be owned by the creditor in the event the debtor fails to repay the debts at maturity.
 
Article 187
 
Where mortgages are taken out on the properties as prescribed under items (a)-(c) of paragraph 1 of Article 180 of this Law or on the buildings under construction as prescribed under item (e) of paragraph 1 of Article 180 of this Law, the mortgage registration shall be completed accordingly. A mortgage shall be created at the time of registration.
 
Article 188
 
Where mortgages are taken out on the properties as prescribed under items (d) & (f) of paragraph 1 of Article 180 of this Law or on vessels or flight vehicles under construction as prescribed under item (e) of paragraph 1 of Article 180 of this Law, the mortgage shall be created at the time when the mortgage contract becomes effective. It cannot be used against a bona fide third party if no registration has been made.
 
Article 189
 
Where the enterprises, individually owned stores or agricultural production operators take out mortgages on the chattels as prescribed in Article 181 of this Law, they shall complete the registration at the local administrative authority in charge of industry and commence. The mortgage shall be created at the time when the mortgage contract becomes effective. It cannot be used against a bona fide third party if no registration has been made.
 
Even where a mortgage has been taken out in compliance with the stipulations of Article 181 of this Law, it cannot be used against a purchaser who has already paid a reasonable purchase price and acquired the property in the normal business activity.
 
Article 190
 
Where the mortgaged property has been leased before the conclusion of the mortgage contract, the original tenancy relationship shall not be prejudiced by the mortgage. However, where the mortgaged property is leased after the conclusion of the mortgage contract, the tenancy relationship cannot be used against the registered mortgage.
 
Article 191
 
With the consent of the mortgagee, the mortgagor may assign the mortgaged property and then apply the money obtained from the assignment of property towards early settlement and payment of debts to the mortgagee or arrange it deposited. When the money obtained from the assignment of property exceeds the value of the mortgagee's creditor's rights, the surplus thereof shall be returned to the mortgagor, where the money obtained from the assignment of property is insufficient to settle the value of the mortgagee's creditor's rights, the deficit shall be settled and paid off by the debtor.
 
Without the consent of the mortgagee, the mortgagor is prohibited from assigning the mortgaged property, unless the assignee has discharged the mortgage by settling and paying off the debts on mortgagor's behalf.
 
Article 192
 
The mortgage cannot be separated with the mortgagee's creditor's rights and assigned in isolation, nor can it be used as security for other creditor's rights. Where the creditor's rights are assigned, the mortgage used for securing those creditor's rights shall be assigned altogether, unless it is otherwise prescribed by laws or stipulated by the parties concerned.
 
Article 193
 
Where the conducts of a mortgagor may sufficiently result in the reduction in value to the mortgaged property, the mortgagee shall have the right to demand the mortgagor to cease his conducts. Where the value of the mortgaged property is reduced as a result, the mortgagee shall have the right to demand the mortgagor to revive the value of the mortgaged property or provide security correspondent with the reduced value. Where the mortgagor fails to revive the value of the mortgaged property or provide a security correspondent with the reduced value, the mortgagee shall have the right to demand the debtor to advance the settlement and payment of debts.
 
Article 194
 
A mortgagee may disclaim the mortgage or his order of claims in the mortgage. A mortgagee may agree with the mortgagor to alter the contents such as the order of claims in the mortgage and the value of the secured creditor's rights. However, any alteration to the mortgage shall not have any prejudicial effect on other mortgagees without the written consent from other mortgagees.
 
Where a debtor creates a mortgage with his own property, but the mortgagee disclaims the mortgage, his order of claims in the mortgage or alters the mortgage, other guarantors shall, within the scope in which the mortgagee has lost the interest to receiving compensation in priority, have their security liabilities dispensed with, unless other guarantors undertake that they shall continue to provide the security.
 
Article 195
 
Where a debtor defaults in the repayment of his debts at maturity or the situation of realization of the mortgage as stipulated by the parties concerned occurs, the mortgagee may stipulate with the mortgagor to convert the mortgaged property into money or make use of the money obtained from the mortgaged property by means of auction or sale thereof for receiving compensation in priority. If the agreement made between the mortgagee and the mortgagor prejudices other creditors' interests, other creditors may petition to the people's court to rescind the said agreement within one year since the date when other creditors know or should have known the causes for the rescission.
 
If the mortgagee is unable to stipulate the manners of realizing the mortgage with the mortgagor, the mortgagee may petition to the people's court to auction or sell off the mortgaged property.
 
References shall be made to the market price when the mortgaged property is converted into money or sold off.
 
Article 196
 
Where a mortgage is created in compliance with the provisions of Article 181 of this Law, the mortgaged property shall be ascertained if any of the following circumstances occurs:
 
(1) the repayment period of the debts is expired, but the creditor's rights remain unrealized;
 
(2) the mortgagor is declared bankrupted or dismissed;
 
(3) situation of realization of the mortgage as stipulated by the parties concerned; or
 
(4) other circumstances which may seriously prejudice the realization of the creditor's rights.
 
Article 197
 
Where a debtor defaults in the repayment of his debts at maturity or the situation of realization of the mortgage as stipulated by the parties concerned occurs, and it thus results in the mortgaged property being distrained by the people's court according to law, the mortgagee shall have the right to collect the natural proceeds or statutory proceeds from the mortgaged property since the date the mortgaged property was distrained, unless the mortgagee has not informed the obligor who shall be responsible for settling and paying off the statutory proceeds.
 
The proceeds as prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall first be used for paying off the expenses for the collection of proceeds.
 
Article 198
 
After the mortgaged property has been converted into money, auctioned or sold off, if the money obtained therefrom exceeds the value of the mortgagee's creditor's rights, the surplus thereof shall be returned to the mortgagor; however, if the money obtained therefrom is insufficient to settle the value of the mortgagee's creditor's rights, the deficit shall be settled and paid off by the debtor.
 
Article 199
 
Where the same property has been mortgaged to two or more creditors, the money obtained from the mortgaged property by means of auction or sale shall be used for settlement and payment according to the following provisions:
 
(1) where the mortgage has been registered, the settlement and payment shall be made according to the order of registration; where the orders are the same, they shall be settled and paid off according to the ratio of creditors' rights;
 
(2) where the mortgage has been registered, those who have been registered shall receive compensation in priority; and
 
(3) where the mortgage has not been registered, the settlement and payment shall be made according to the ratio of creditors' rights.
 
Article 200
 
After the construction land use rights have been mortgaged, any new buildings erected on that piece of land shall not form part of the mortgaged property. When the mortgage to the construction land use rights are realized, the new buildings erected on that piece of land and the construction land use rights shall be disposed of altogether; however, the mortgagee shall not be entitled to receive compensation in priority with respect to the money obtained from the disposition of the new buildings.
 
Article 201
 
Where a mortgage is taken out on the construction land use rights as prescribed under item (c) of paragraph 1 of Article 180 of this Law or mortgages are taken out altogether on the construction land use rights within the ambit of occupation by the buildings such as factories of the enterprises in townships or towns and the village enterprises, after the realization of the mortgages, the nature and purposes of land use of the land ownership are prohibited from alteration if they have not gone through the statutory procedures.
 
Article 202
 
A mortgagee shall exercise his mortgage rights subject to the limitation of actions governing the principal creditor's rights; the people's court shall not give protection to him if his mortgage rights are not exercised.
 
 
Section 2  Maximum Amount Mortgage
 
 
Article 203
 
For securing the repayment of debts, if a debtor or a third party provides security to the property for the continuously occurring creditor's rights arising in a certain period of time, the mortgagee shall have the right to receive compensation in priority within the maximum amount with respect to the property subject to the security interest if the debtor defaults in the repayment of his debts at maturity or the situation of realization of the mortgage as stipulated by the parties concerned occurs.
 
Where the creditor's rights have been in existence before the creation of the maximum amount mortgage, and with the consent of the parties concerned, they can be converted into the scope of the creditor's rights under security by maximum amount mortgage.
 
Article 204
 
Prior to the ascertainment of the creditor's rights under security by maximum amount mortgage, the maximum amount mortgage is prohibited from assignment if part of the credit rights have been assigned, unless it is otherwise stipulated by the parties concerned.
 
Article 205
 
Prior to the ascertainment of the creditor's rights under security by maximum amount mortgage, the mortgagee may stipulate with the mortgagor to alter the time, scope of the creditor's rights and the maximum value of the creditor's rights for the ascertainment of the creditor's rights; however, the altered contents shall not have any prejudicial effect on other mortgagees.
 
Article 206
 
The creditor's rights of a mortgagee shall be ascertained in any of the following circumstances:
 
(1) expiration of the stipulated period for the ascertainment of creditor's rights;
 
(2) there is no stipulated period for the ascertainment of creditor's rights or the or unclear stipulated period is unclear, and the mortgagee or the mortgagor requests for ascertainment of the creditor's rights after two years since the date of creation of the maximum amount mortgage;
 
(3) new creditor's rights are impossible to come up;
 
(4) mortgaged properties are seized or distrained;
 
(5) the debtor or mortgagor is declared bankrupted or dismissed; or
 
(6) other circumstances for ascertainment of the creditor's rights as prescribed by laws.
 
Article 207
 
The provisions of this Section as well as the provisions of Section 1 of this Chapter, General mortgage, shall govern the maximum amount mortgage.
 
 
 
Chapter 17  Pledge
 
Section 1  Pledge of Chattels
 
 
Article 208
 
For securing the repayment of debts, if a debtor or a third party pledges his chattel for possession by the creditor, the creditor shall have the right to receive compensation in priority from the chattel if the debtor defaults in the repayment of his debts at maturity or the situation of realization of the pledge as stipulated by the parties concerned occurs.
 
The debtor or the third party as prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall be the pledgor, the creditor shall be the pledgee, and the chattel delivered shall be the pledged property.
 
Article 209
 
The properties which have been prohibited from assignment according to the laws and administrative regulations shall not be pledged.
 
Article 210
 
The parties concerned shall conclude a written pledge contract for the creation of a pledge.
 
A pledge contract shall in general include the following clauses:
 
(1) types and value of the secured creditor's rights;
 
(2) period for honoring the repayment of debts by the debtor;
 
(3) title, quantity, quality and condition of the pledged property;
 
(4) scope of the guarantee; and
 
(5) the time required for the delivery the pledged property.
 
Article 211
 
Prior to the expiration of the period for honoring the repayment of debts, the pledgee cannot stipulate with the pledgor that the pledged property shall be owned by the creditor in the event the debtor fails to repay the debts at maturity.
 
Article 212
 
A pledge shall be created at the time of delivery of the pledged property.
 
Article 213
 
A pledgee shall have the right to collect proceeds derived from the pledged property, unless it is otherwise stipulated in the contract.
 
The proceeds as prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall first be used for paying off the expenses for the collection of proceeds.
 
Article 214
 
During the period of continued existence of a pledge, a pledgee shall assume the liability of compensation if he, without the consent of the pledgor, uses or disposes of the pledged property without authorization and the pledgor is prejudiced as a result.
 
Article 215
 
A pledgee shall bear the obligations of safekeeping the pledged property in a proper manner, he shall assume the liability of compensation if the property is damaged or lost due to his improper safekeeping of the pledged property.
 
Where the conducts of the pledgee may result in the damage or loss of the pledged property, the pledgor may demand the pledgee to deposit the pledged property, or the pledgor can request to advance the settlement and payment of debts and demand the pledgee to return the pledged property.
 
Article 216
 
Where it is possible that the pledged property may be damaged or its value reduced significantly due to a reason not attributable to the pledgee, which is calculated to endanger the rights of the pledgee, the pledgee shall have the right to demand the pledgor to provide a corresponding security; where the mortgagor fails to provide the corresponding security, the pledgee may auction or sell off the pledged property, he may then stipulate with the pledgor and apply the money obtained from the auction or sale towards early settlement and payment of debts or arrange it deposited.
 
Article 217
 
During the period of continued existence of a pledge, a pledgee shall assume the liability of compensation to the pledgor if the pledgee rehypothecates the pledged property without the consent from the pledgor and the pledged property is damaged or lost as a result.
 
Article 218
 
A pledgee may disclaim a pledge. Where a debtor pledges with his own property, other guarantors shall, within the scope in which the pledgee has lost the rights and interests of receiving compensation in priority, have their security liabilities dispensed with if the pledgee disclaims the pledge, unless other guarantors undertake that they shall continue to provide the security.
 
Article 219
 
The pledgee shall return the pledged property after the debtor has repaid the debts or the pledgor has advanced the settlement and payment of secured creditor's rights.
 
Where a debtor defaults in the repayment of his debts at maturity or the situation of realization of the pledge as stipulated by the parties concerned occurs, the pledgor may stipulate with the pledgee to convert the pledged property into money or make use of the money obtained from the pledged property by means of auction or sale thereof for receiving compensation in priority.
 
References shall be made to the market price when the pledged property is converted into money or sold off.
 
Article 220
 
A pledgor may request the pledgee to promptly exercise the pledge upon the expiration of the period for honoring the repayment of his debts; the pledgor may petition to the people's court to auction or sell off the pledged property if the pledgee fails to do so.
 
Once the pledgor has demanded the pledgee to promptly exercise the pledge, the pledgee shall assume the liability of compensation if prejudice is caused by the delay in the exercise of the pledge by the pledgee.
 
Article 221
 
After the pledged property has been converted into money, auctioned or sold off, if the money obtained therefrom exceeds the value of the creditor's rights, the surplus thereof shall be returned to the pledgor; however, if the money obtained therefrom is insufficient to settle the value of the creditor's rights, the deficit shall be settled and paid off by the debtor.
 
Article 222
 
A pledgor and a pledgee may stipulate the creation of a maximum amount pledge.
 
The provisions of this Section as well as the provisions of Section 2 of Chapter 16, Maximum amount mortgage, shall govern the maximum amount pledge.
 
 
Section 2  Option pledge
 
 
Article 223
 
The following rights to which a debtor or a third party shall have the right of disposal may be pledged:
 
(1) money orders, cheques or cashier's cheques;
 
(2) securities, certificates of deposit;
 
(3) warehouse receipts, bills of lading;
 
(4) transferable fund units, shareholding rights;
 
(5) property rights vested in the transferable intellectual property rights such as registered trademark rights, patent rights and copyrights;
 
(6) accounts receivable; and
 
(7) other property rights that can be pledged according to the provisions of the laws and administrative regulations.
 
 
Article 224
 
Where a money order, cheque, cashier's cheque, securities, certificate of deposit, warehouse receipt or bill of lading is put in pledge, the parties concerned shall conclude a written contract. A pledge shall be created at the time when the certificate of rights is delivered to the pledgee; where there is no such certificate, the pledge shall be created at the time when the relevant authority has completed the pledge registration.
 
Article 225
 
Where the date of honor or the date of collection of the money order, cheque, cashier's cheque, securities, certificate of deposit, warehouse receipt or bill of lading is earlier than the expiry date of principal creditor's rights, the pledgee may honor it or collect the goods with it, the pledgee may also stipulate with the pledgor to apply the money honored or the goods collected for early settlement and payment of debts or to arrange it deposited.
 
Article 226
 
Where fund units or shareholding rights are put in pledge, the parties concerned shall conclude a written contract. Where fund units or shareholding rights which have been registered with the Securities Registration and Settlement Institution are put in pledge, the pledge shall be created at the time when the Securities Registration and Settlement Institution has completed the pledge registration. Where other shareholding rights are put in pledge, the pledge shall be created at the time when the administrative authority in charge of industry and commence has completed the pledge registration.
 
The fund units or the shareholding rights shall not be assigned after they have been pledged, unless it is otherwise agreed upon between the pledgor and the pledgee through negotiations. In this situation, the pledgor shall apply the money obtained from the assignment of the fund units or shareholding rights towards early settlement and payment of debts or arrange it deposited.
 
Article 227
 
Where the property rights vested in the transferable intellectual property rights such as registered trademark rights, patent rights and copyrights are put in pledge, the parties concerned shall conclude a written contract. The pledge shall be created at the time when the relevant competent authority has completed the pledge registration.
 
The pledgor shall not assign or permit others to make use of the property rights vested in the transferable intellectual property rights after they have been pledged, unless it is otherwise agreed upon between the pledgor and the pledgee through negotiations. In this situation, the pledgor shall apply the money obtained from the assignment of or permitting others to use the pledged property rights vested in the transferable intellectual property rights towards early settlement and payment of debts or arrange it deposited.
 
Article 228
 
Where the accounts receivable are put in pledge, the parties concerned shall conclude a written contract. The pledge shall be created at the time when the credit reference agency has completed the pledge registration.
 
The pledgor shall not assign the accounts receivable after they have been pledged, unless it is otherwise agreed upon between the pledgor and the pledgee through negotiations. In this situation, the pledgor shall apply the money obtained from the assignment of the accounts receivable towards early settlement and payment of debts or arrange it deposited.
 
Article 229
 
The provisions of this Section as well as the provisions of Section 1 of this Chapter, Pledge of chattels, shall govern the option pledge.
 
 
Chapter 18  Lien
 
 
Article 230
 
If the debtor defaults in the repayment of his debts at maturity, the creditor may take lien of the debtor's property under his lawful possession, he shall also have the right to receive compensation in priority from that chattel.
 
The creditor as prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall be the lienor; the chattel under possession shall be the liened property.
 
Article 231
 
The chattel taken as lien by the creditor shall fall into a same legal relationship with the creditor's rights, except for the lien between the enterprises.
 
Article 232
 
The chattels which have been prohibited from lien according to the provisions of law or stipulations of the parties concerned shall not be liened.
 
Article 233
 
Where the nature of a liened property is a divisible object, its value shall be equivalent to the amount of debts.
 
Article 234
 
A lienor shall bear the obligations of properly safekeeping the liened property; he shall assume the liability of compensation if the liened property is damaged or lost due to his improper safekeeping of the liened property.
 
Article 235
 
A lienor shall have the right to collect proceeds derived from the liened property.
 
The proceeds as prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall first be used for paying off the expenses for the collection of proceeds.
 
Article 236
 
The lienor shall stipulate with the debtor on the period for honoring the settlement of his debts after a lien has been placed on the property. Where it is neither specified nor specified clearly in the stipulations, the lienor shall give at least two months to the debtor for honoring the settlement of his debts, except for chattels such as fresh food, living organisms and perishables which are difficult for preservation. Where the debtor fails to honor the settlement of his debts at maturity, the lienor may, through negotiations with the debtor, convert the liened property into money, or the lienor may receive compensation in priority from the money obtained by means of auction or sale of the liened property.
 
References shall be made to the market price when the liened property is converted into money or sold off.
 
Article 237
 
The debtor may request the lienor to exercise the lien upon the expiration of the period for honoring the settlement of his debts; the debtor may petition to the people's court to auction or sell off the liened property if the lienor fails to do so.
 
Article 238
 
After the liened property has been converted into money, auctioned or sold off, if the money obtained therefrom exceeds the value of the creditor's rights, the surplus thereof shall be returned to the debtor; however, if the money obtained therefrom is insufficient to settle the value of the creditor's rights, the deficit shall be settled and paid off by the debtor..
 
Article 239
 
Where a mortgage has been taken out or a pledge has been put on a chattel, a lienor shall be entitled to receive compensation in priority if a lien is placed on the same chattel subsequently.
 
Article 240
 
A lien becomes eliminated if the lienor losses the possession of the liened property or accepts the debtor to provide an alternative security in place of the existing one.
 
 
PART V  POSSESSION
 
 
Chapter 19  Possession
 
Article 241
 
Where the stemming of possession is based on the contractual relationship, etc., the utilization, proceeds collection and liability for breach of contract, etc. concerning realties and chattels shall be governed by the stipulations of the contract; however, they shall be governed by the relevant provisions of law instead if they are neither specified nor specified clearly in the stipulations of the contract.
 
Article 242
 
Where the realties or chattels are damaged after use by a possessor, the mala fide possessor shall assume the liability of compensation.
 
Article 243
 
Where the realties or chattels are possessed by a possessor, an obligee may demand the possessor for return of the originals and the proceeds derived therefrom. However, the obligee shall reimburse the bona fide possessor for the expenses necessary for safeguarding the realties or chattels.
 
Article 244
 
Where the realties or chattels under possession are damaged or lost, the possessor shall return the premium, damages and compensation, etc. for the damage or loss received by him to the obligee if the obligee of the realties or chattels demands for compensation; the mala fide possessor shall remain liable to compensate for the losses if prejudice caused to the obligee cannot be adequately compensated.
 
Article 245
 
Where the realties or chattels under possession are subsequently usurped, the possessor shall have the right to demand for return of the originals; with respect to the conducts of hindering the possession, the possessor shall have the right to demand for elimination of hindrance or risks; where prejudice is caused by the usurpation or hindrance, the possessor shall have the right to demand compensation for the usurpation.
 
The possessor's claims for the return of the originals shall lapse if they have not been exercised within one year since the date of usurpation.
 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS
 
 
Article 246
 
In the means time, local regulations may provide the relevant prescriptions according to the provisions of this Law before the prescriptions governing the scope of unified registration, registration institutions and registration measures of realties are incorporated in the laws and administrative regulations.
 
Article 247
 
This Law shall be effective as of October 10, 2007.
 
 
【法规标题】中华人民共和国物权法 (附英文)
【发文字号】中华人民共和国主席令第六十二号
【颁布日期】2007-03-16
【实施日期】2007-10-01
【失效日期】
【颁布单位】全国人民代表大会
【时效性】有效
【时效性说明】

【全文】
 
中华人民共和国物权法 (附英文)
  
 

 

  
《中华人民共和国物权法》已由中华人民共和国第十届全国人民代表大会第五次会议于2007年3月16日通过，现予公布，自2007年10月1日起施行。
 
 
中华人民共和国主席   胡锦涛
二OO七年三月十六日
 
 
 
第一编　总则
 
 
第一章　基本原则
 
 
第一条　为了维护国家基本经济制度，维护社会主义市场经济秩序，明确物的归属，发挥物的效用，保护权利人的物权，根据宪法，制定本法。
 
第二条　因物的归属和利用而产生的民事关系，适用本法。
 
本法所称物，包括不动产和动产。法律规定权利作为物权客体的，依照其规定。
 
本法所称物权，是指权利人依法对特定的物享有直接支配和排他的权利，包括所有权、用益物权和担保物权。
 
第三条　国家在社会主义初级阶段，坚持公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度。
 
国家巩固和发展公有制经济，鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济的发展。
 
国家实行社会主义市场经济，保障一切市场主体的平等法律地位和发展权利。
 
第四条　国家、集体、私人的物权和其他权利人的物权受法律保护，任何单位和个人不得侵犯。
 
第五条　物权的种类和内容，由法律规定。
 
第六条　不动产物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭，应当依照法律规定登记。动产物权的设立和转让，应当依照法律规定交付。
 
第七条　物权的取得和行使，应当遵守法律，尊重社会公德，不得损害公共利益和他人合法权益。
 
第八条　其他相关法律对物权另有特别规定的，依照其规定。
 
 
第二章　物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭
 
 
第一节　不动产登记
 
第九条　不动产物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭，经依法登记，发生效力；未经登记，不发生效力，但法律另有规定的除外。
 
依法属于国家所有的自然资源，所有权可以不登记。
 
第十条　不动产登记，由不动产所在地的登记机构办理。
 
国家对不动产实行统一登记制度。统一登记的范围、登记机构和登记办法，由法律、行政法规规定。
 
第十一条　当事人申请登记，应当根据不同登记事项提供权属证明和不动产界址、面积等必要材料。
 
第十二条　登记机构应当履行下列职责：
 
（一）查验申请人提供的权属证明和其他必要材料；
 
（二）就有关登记事项询问申请人；
 
（三）如实、及时登记有关事项；
 
（四）法律、行政法规规定的其他职责。
 
申请登记的不动产的有关情况需要进一步证明的，登记机构可以要求申请人补充材料，必要时可以实地查看。
 
第十三条　登记机构不得有下列行为：
 
（一）要求对不动产进行评估；
 
（二）以年检等名义进行重复登记；
 
（三）超出登记职责范围的其他行为。
 
第十四条　不动产物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭，依照法律规定应当登记的，自记载于不动产登记簿时发生效力。
 
第十五条　当事人之间订立有关设立、变更、转让和消灭不动产物权的合同，除法律另有规定或者合同另有约定外，自合同成立时生效；未办理物权登记的，不影响合同效力。
 
第十六条　不动产登记簿是物权归属和内容的根据。不动产登记簿由登记机构管理。
 
第十七条　不动产权属证书是权利人享有该不动产物权的证明。不动产权属证书记载的事项，应当与不动产登记簿一致；记载不一致的，除有证据证明不动产登记簿确有错误外，以不动产登记簿为准。
 
第十八条　权利人、利害关系人可以申请查询、复制登记资料，登记机构应当提供。
 
第十九条　权利人、利害关系人认为不动产登记簿记载的事项错误的，可以申请更正登记。不动产登记簿记载的权利人书面同意更正或者有证据证明登记确有错误的，登记机构应当予以更正。
 
不动产登记簿记载的权利人不同意更正的，利害关系人可以申请异议登记。登记机构予以异议登记的，申请人在异议登记之日起十五日内不起诉，异议登记失效。异议登记不当，造成权利人损害的，权利人可以向申请人请求损害赔偿。
 
第二十条　当事人签订买卖房屋或者其他不动产物权的协议，为保障将来实现物权，按照约定可以向登记机构申请预告登记。预告登记后，未经预告登记的权利人同意，处分该不动产的，不发生物权效力。
 
预告登记后，债权消灭或者自能够进行不动产登记之日起三个月内未申请登记的，预告登记失效。
 
第二十一条　当事人提供虚假材料申请登记，给他人造成损害的，应当承担赔偿责任。
 
因登记错误，给他人造成损害的，登记机构应当承担赔偿责任。登记机构赔偿后，可以向造成登记错误的人追偿。
 
第二十二条　不动产登记费按件收取，不得按照不动产的面积、体积或者价款的比例收取。具体收费标准由国务院有关部门会同价格主管部门规定。
 
第二节　动产交付
 
第二十三条　动产物权的设立和转让，自交付时发生效力，但法律另有规定的除外。
 
第二十四条　船舶、航空器和机动车等物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭，未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。
 
第二十五条　动产物权设立和转让前，权利人已经依法占有该动产的，物权自法律行为生效时发生效力。
 
第二十六条　动产物权设立和转让前，第三人依法占有该动产的，负有交付义务的人可以通过转让请求第三人返还原物的权利代替交付。
 
第二十七条　动产物权转让时，双方又约定由出让人继续占有该动产的，物权自该约定生效时发生效力。
 
第三节　其他规定
 
第二十八条　因人民法院、仲裁委员会的法律文书或者人民政府的征收决定等，导致物权设立、变更、转让或者消灭的，自法律文书或者人民政府的征收决定等生效时发生效力。
 
第二十九条　因继承或者受遗赠取得物权的，自继承或者受遗赠开始时发生效力。
 
第三十条　因合法建造、拆除房屋等事实行为设立或者消灭物权的，自事实行为成就时发生效力。
 
第三十一条　依照本法第二十八条至第三十条规定享有不动产物权的，处分该物权时，依照法律规定需要办理登记的，未经登记，不发生物权效力。
 
 
第三章　物权的保护
 
 
第三十二条　物权受到侵害的，权利人可以通过和解、调解、仲裁、诉讼等途径解决。
 
第三十三条　因物权的归属、内容发生争议的，利害关系人可以请求确认权利。
 
第三十四条　无权占有不动产或者动产的，权利人可以请求返还原物。
 
第三十五条　妨害物权或者可能妨害物权的，权利人可以请求排除妨害或者消除危险。
 
第三十六条　造成不动产或者动产毁损的，权利人可以请求修理、重作、更换或者恢复原状。
 
第三十七条　侵害物权，造成权利人损害的，权利人可以请求损害赔偿，也可以请求承担其他民事责任。
 
第三十八条　本章规定的物权保护方式，可以单独适用，也可以根据权利被侵害的情形合并适用。
 
侵害物权，除承担民事责任外，违反行政管理规定的，依法承担行政责任；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。
 
 
第二编　所有权
 
 
第四章　一般规定
 
 
第三十九条　所有权人对自己的不动产或者动产，依法享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。
 
第四十条　所有权人有权在自己的不动产或者动产上设立用益物权和担保物权。用益物权人、担保物权人行使权利，不得损害所有权人的权益。
 
第四十一条　法律规定专属于国家所有的不动产和动产，任何单位和个人不能取得所有权。
 
第四十二条　为了公共利益的需要，依照法律规定的权限和程序可以征收集体所有的土地和单位、个人的房屋及其他不动产。
 
征收集体所有的土地，应当依法足额支付土地补偿费、安置补助费、地上附着物和青苗的补偿费等费用，安排被征地农民的社会保障费用，保障被征地农民的生活，维护被征地农民的合法权益。
 
征收单位、个人的房屋及其他不动产，应当依法给予拆迁补偿，维护被征收人的合法权益；征收个人住宅的，还应当保障被征收人的居住条件。
 
任何单位和个人不得贪污、挪用、私分、截留、拖欠征收补偿费等费用。
 
第四十三条　国家对耕地实行特殊保护，严格限制农用地转为建设用地，控制建设用地总量。不得违反法律规定的权限和程序征收集体所有的土地。
 
第四十四条　因抢险、救灾等紧急需要，依照法律规定的权限和程序可以征用单位、个人的不动产或者动产。被征用的不动产或者动产使用后，应当返还被征用人。单位、个人的不动产或者动产被征用或者征用后毁损、灭失的，应当给予补偿。
 
 
第五章　国家所有权和集体所有权、私人所有权
 
 
第四十五条　法律规定属于国家所有的财产，属于国家所有即全民所有。
 
国有财产由国务院代表国家行使所有权；法律另有规定的，依照其规定。
 
第四十六条　矿藏、水流、海域属于国家所有。
 
第四十七条　城市的土地，属于国家所有。法律规定属于国家所有的农村和城市郊区的土地，属于国家所有。
 
第四十八条　森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂等自然资源，属于国家所有，但法律规定属于集体所有的除外。
 
第四十九条　法律规定属于国家所有的野生动植物资源，属于国家所有。
 
第五十条　无线电频谱资源属于国家所有。
 
第五十一条　法律规定属于国家所有的文物，属于国家所有。
 
第五十二条　国防资产属于国家所有。
 
铁路、公路、电力设施、电信设施和油气管道等基础设施，依照法律规定为国家所有的，属于国家所有。
 
第五十三条　国家机关对其直接支配的不动产和动产，享有占有、使用以及依照法律和国务院的有关规定处分的权利。
 
第五十四条　国家举办的事业单位对其直接支配的不动产和动产，享有占有、使用以及依照法律和国务院的有关规定收益、处分的权利。
 
第五十五条　国家出资的企业，由国务院、地方人民政府依照法律、行政法规规定分别代表国家履行出资人职责，享有出资人权益。
 
第五十六条　国家所有的财产受法律保护，禁止任何单位和个人侵占、哄抢、私分、截留、破坏。
 
第五十七条　履行国有财产管理、监督职责的机构及其工作人员，应当依法加强对国有财产的管理、监督，促进国有财产保值增值，防止国有财产损失；滥用职权，玩忽职守，造成国有财产损失的，应当依法承担法律责任。
 
违反国有财产管理规定，在企业改制、合并分立、关联交易等过程中，低价转让、合谋私分、擅自担保或者以其他方式造成国有财产损失的，应当依法承担法律责任。
 
第五十八条　集体所有的不动产和动产包括：
 
（一）法律规定属于集体所有的土地和森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂；
 
（二）集体所有的建筑物、生产设施、农田水利设施；
 
（三）集体所有的教育、科学、文化、卫生、体育等设施；
 
（四）集体所有的其他不动产和动产。
 
第五十九条　农民集体所有的不动产和动产，属于本集体成员集体所有。
 
下列事项应当依照法定程序经本集体成员决定：
 
（一）土地承包方案以及将土地发包给本集体以外的单位或者个人承包；
 
（二）个别土地承包经营权人之间承包地的调整；
 
（三）土地补偿费等费用的使用、分配办法；
 
（四）集体出资的企业的所有权变动等事项；
 
（五）法律规定的其他事项。
 
第六十条　对于集体所有的土地和森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂等，依照下列规定行使所有权：
 
（一）属于村农民集体所有的，由村集体经济组织或者村民委员会代表集体行使所有权；
 
（二）分别属于村内两个以上农民集体所有的，由村内各该集体经济组织或者村民小组代表集体行使所有权；
 
（三）属于乡镇农民集体所有的，由乡镇集体经济组织代表集体行使所有权。
 
第六十一条　城镇集体所有的不动产和动产，依照法律、行政法规的规定由本集体享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。
 
第六十二条　集体经济组织或者村民委员会、村民小组应当依照法律、行政法规以及章程、村规民约向本集体成员公布集体财产的状况。
 
第六十三条　集体所有的财产受法律保护，禁止任何单位和个人侵占、哄抢、私分、破坏。
 
集体经济组织、村民委员会或者其负责人作出的决定侵害集体成员合法权益的，受侵害的集体成员可以请求人民法院予以撤销。
 
第六十四条　私人对其合法的收入、房屋、生活用品、生产工具、原材料等不动产和动产享有所有权。
 
第六十五条　私人合法的储蓄、投资及其收益受法律保护。
 
国家依照法律规定保护私人的继承权及其他合法权益。
 
第六十六条　私人的合法财产受法律保护，禁止任何单位和个人侵占、哄抢、破坏。
 
第六十七条　国家、集体和私人依法可以出资设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司或者其他企业。国家、集体和私人所有的不动产或者动产，投到企业的，由出资人按照约定或者出资比例享有资产收益、重大决策以及选择经营管理者等权利并履行义务。
 
第六十八条　企业法人对其不动产和动产依照法律、行政法规以及章程享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。
 
企业法人以外的法人，对其不动产和动产的权利，适用有关法律、行政法规以及章程的规定。
 
第六十九条　社会团体依法所有的不动产和动产，受法律保护。
 
 
第六章　业主的建筑物区分所有权
 
 
第七十条　业主对建筑物内的住宅、经营性用房等专有部分享有所有权，对专有部分以外的共有部分享有共有和共同管理的权利。
 
第七十一条　业主对其建筑物专有部分享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。业主行使权利不得危及建筑物的安全，不得损害其他业主的合法权益。
 
第七十二条　业主对建筑物专有部分以外的共有部分，享有权利，承担义务；不得以放弃权利不履行义务。
 
业主转让建筑物内的住宅、经营性用房，其对共有部分享有的共有和共同管理的权利一并转让。
 
第七十三条　建筑区划内的道路，属于业主共有，但属于城镇公共道路的除外。建筑区划内的绿地，属于业主共有，但属于城镇公共绿地或者明示属于个人的除外。建筑区划内的其他公共场所、公用设施和物业服务用房，属于业主共有。
 
第七十四条　建筑区划内，规划用于停放汽车的车位、车库应当首先满足业主的需要。
 
建筑区划内，规划用于停放汽车的车位、车库的归属，由当事人通过出售、附赠或者出租等方式约定。
 
占用业主共有的道路或者其他场地用于停放汽车的车位，属于业主共有。
 
第七十五条　业主可以设立业主大会，选举业主委员会。
 
地方人民政府有关部门应当对设立业主大会和选举业主委员会给予指导和协助。
 
第七十六条　下列事项由业主共同决定：
 
（一）制定和修改业主大会议事规则；
 
（二）制定和修改建筑物及其附属设施的管理规约；
 
（三）选举业主委员会或者更换业主委员会成员；
 
（四）选聘和解聘物业服务企业或者其他管理人；
 
（五）筹集和使用建筑物及其附属设施的维修资金；
 
（六）改建、重建建筑物及其附属设施；
 
（七）有关共有和共同管理权利的其他重大事项。
 
决定前款第五项和第六项规定的事项，应当经专有部分占建筑物总面积三分之二以上的业主且占总人数三分之二以上的业主同意。决定前款其他事项，应当经专有部分占建筑物总面积过半数的业主且占总人数过半数的业主同意。
 
第七十七条　业主不得违反法律、法规以及管理规约，将住宅改变为经营性用房。业主将住宅改变为经营性用房的，除遵守法律、法规以及管理规约外，应当经有利害关系的业主同意。
 
第七十八条　业主大会或者业主委员会的决定，对业主具有约束力。
 
业主大会或者业主委员会作出的决定侵害业主合法权益的，受侵害的业主可以请求人民法院予以撤销。
 
第七十九条　建筑物及其附属设施的维修资金，属于业主共有。经业主共同决定，可以用于电梯、水箱等共有部分的维修。维修资金的筹集、使用情况应当公布。
 
第八十条　建筑物及其附属设施的费用分摊、收益分配等事项，有约定的，按照约定；没有约定或者约定不明确的，按照业主专有部分占建筑物总面积的比例确定。
 
第八十一条　业主可以自行管理建筑物及其附属设施，也可以委托物业服务企业或者其他管理人管理。
 
对建设单位聘请的物业服务企业或者其他管理人，业主有权依法更换。
 
第八十二条　物业服务企业或者其他管理人根据业主的委托管理建筑区划内的建筑物及其附属设施，并接受业主的监督。
 
第八十三条　业主应当遵守法律、法规以及管理规约。
 
业主大会和业主委员会，对任意弃置垃圾、排放污染物或者噪声、违反规定饲养动物、违章搭建、侵占通道、拒付物业费等损害他人合法权益的行为，有权依照法律、法规以及管理规约，要求行为人停止侵害、消除危险、排除妨害、赔偿损失。业主对侵害自己合法权益的行为，可以依法向人民法院提起诉讼。
 
 
第七章　相邻关系
 
 
第八十四条　不动产的相邻权利人应当按照有利生产、方便生活、团结互助、公平合理的原则，正确处理相邻关系。
 
第八十五条　法律、法规对处理相邻关系有规定的，依照其规定；法律、法规没有规定的，可以按照当地习惯。
 
第八十六条　不动产权利人应当为相邻权利人用水、排水提供必要的便利。
 
对自然流水的利用，应当在不动产的相邻权利人之间合理分配。对自然流水的排放，应当尊重自然流向。
 
第八十七条　不动产权利人对相邻权利人因通行等必须利用其土地的，应当提供必要的便利。
 
第八十八条　不动产权利人因建造、修缮建筑物以及铺设电线、电缆、水管、暖气和燃气管线等必须利用相邻土地、建筑物的，该土地、建筑物的权利人应当提供必要的便利。
 
第八十九条　建造建筑物，不得违反国家有关工程建设标准，妨碍相邻建筑物的通风、采光和日照。
 
第九十条　不动产权利人不得违反国家规定弃置固体废物，排放大气污染物、水污染物、噪声、光、电磁波辐射等有害物质。
 
第九十一条　不动产权利人挖掘土地、建造建筑物、铺设管线以及安装设备等，不得危及相邻不动产的安全。
 
第九十二条　不动产权利人因用水、排水、通行、铺设管线等利用相邻不动产的，应当尽量避免对相邻的不动产权利人造成损害；造成损害的，应当给予赔偿。
 
 
第八章　共有
 
 
第九十三条　不动产或者动产可以由两个以上单位、个人共有。共有包括按份共有和共同共有。
 
第九十四条　按份共有人对共有的不动产或者动产按照其份额享有所有权。
 
第九十五条　共同共有人对共有的不动产或者动产共同享有所有权。
 
第九十六条　共有人按照约定管理共有的不动产或者动产；没有约定或者约定不明确的，各共有人都有管理的权利和义务。
 
第九十七条　处分共有的不动产或者动产以及对共有的不动产或者动产作重大修缮的，应当经占份额三分之二以上的按份共有人或者全体共同共有人同意，但共有人之间另有约定的除外。
 
第九十八条　对共有物的管理费用以及其他负担，有约定的，按照约定；没有约定或者约定不明确的，按份共有人按照其份额负担，共同共有人共同负担。
 
第九十九条　共有人约定不得分割共有的不动产或者动产，以维持共有关系的，应当按照约定，但共有人有重大理由需要分割的，可以请求分割；没有约定或者约定不明确的，按份共有人可以随时请求分割，共同共有人在共有的基础丧失或者有重大理由需要分割时可以请求分割。因分割对其他共有人造成损害的，应当给予赔偿。
 
第一百条　共有人可以协商确定分割方式。达不成协议，共有的不动产或者动产可以分割并且不会因分割减损价值的，应当对实物予以分割；难以分割或者因分割会减损价值的，应当对折价或者拍卖、变卖取得的价款予以分割。
 
共有人分割所得的不动产或者动产有瑕疵的，其他共有人应当分担损失。
 
第一百零一条　按份共有人可以转让其享有的共有的不动产或者动产份额。其他共有人在同等条件下享有优先购买的权利。
 
第一百零二条　因共有的不动产或者动产产生的债权债务，在对外关系上，共有人享有连带债权、承担连带债务，但法律另有规定或者第三人知道共有人不具有连带债权债务关系的除外；在共有人内部关系上，除共有人另有约定外，按份共有人按照份额享有债权、承担债务，共同共有人共同享有债权、承担债务。偿还债务超过自己应当承担份额的按份共有人，有权向其他共有人追偿。
 
第一百零三条　共有人对共有的不动产或者动产没有约定为按份共有或者共同共有，或者约定不明确的，除共有人具有家庭关系等外，视为按份共有。
 
第一百零四条　按份共有人对共有的不动产或者动产享有的份额，没有约定或者约定不明确的，按照出资额确定；不能确定出资额的，视为等额享有。
 
第一百零五条　两个以上单位、个人共同享有用益物权、担保物权的，参照本章规定。
 
 
第九章　所有权取得的特别规定
 
 
第一百零六条　无处分权人将不动产或者动产转让给受让人的，所有权人有权追回；除法律另有规定外，符合下列情形的，受让人取得该不动产或者动产的所有权：
 
（一）受让人受让该不动产或者动产时是善意的；
 
（二）以合理的价格转让；
 
（三）转让的不动产或者动产依照法律规定应当登记的已经登记，不需要登记的已经交付给受让人。
 
受让人依照前款规定取得不动产或者动产的所有权的，原所有权人有权向无处分权人请求赔偿损失。
 
当事人善意取得其他物权的，参照前两款规定。
 
第一百零七条　所有权人或者其他权利人有权追回遗失物。该遗失物通过转让被他人占有的，权利人有权向无处分权人请求损害赔偿，或者自知道或者应当知道受让人之日起二年内向受让人请求返还原物，但受让人通过拍卖或者向具有经营资格的经营者购得该遗失物的，权利人请求返还原物时应当支付受让人所付的费用。权利人向受让人支付所付费用后，有权向无处分权人追偿。
 
第一百零八条　善意受让人取得动产后，该动产上的原有权利消灭，但善意受让人在受让时知道或者应当知道该权利的除外。
 
第一百零九条　拾得遗失物，应当返还权利人。拾得人应当及时通知权利人领取，或者送交公安等有关部门。
 
第一百一十条　有关部门收到遗失物，知道权利人的，应当及时通知其领取；不知道的，应当及时发布招领公告。
 
第一百一十一条　拾得人在遗失物送交有关部门前，有关部门在遗失物被领取前，应当妥善保管遗失物。因故意或者重大过失致使遗失物毁损、灭失的，应当承担民事责任。
 
第一百一十二条　权利人领取遗失物时，应当向拾得人或者有关部门支付保管遗失物等支出的必要费用。
 
权利人悬赏寻找遗失物的，领取遗失物时应当按照承诺履行义务。
 
拾得人侵占遗失物的，无权请求保管遗失物等支出的费用，也无权请求权利人按照承诺履行义务。
 
第一百一十三条　遗失物自发布招领公告之日起六个月内无人认领的，归国家所有。
 
第一百一十四条　拾得漂流物、发现埋藏物或者隐藏物的，参照拾得遗失物的有关规定。文物保护法等法律另有规定的，依照其规定。
 
第一百一十五条　主物转让的，从物随主物转让，但当事人另有约定的除外。
 
第一百一十六条　天然孳息，由所有权人取得；既有所有权人又有用益物权人的，由用益物权人取得。当事人另有约定的，按照约定。
 
法定孳息，当事人有约定的，按照约定取得；没有约定或者约定不明确的，按照交易习惯取得。
 
 
第三编　用益物权
 
 
第十章　一般规定
 
 
第一百一十七条　用益物权人对他人所有的不动产或者动产，依法享有占有、使用和收益的权利。
 
第一百一十八条　国家所有或者国家所有由集体使用以及法律规定属于集体所有的自然资源，单位、个人依法可以占有、使用和收益。
 
第一百一十九条　国家实行自然资源有偿使用制度，但法律另有规定的除外。
 
第一百二十条　用益物权人行使权利，应当遵守法律有关保护和合理开发利用资源的规定。所有权人不得干涉用益物权人行使权利。
 
第一百二十一条　因不动产或者动产被征收、征用致使用益物权消灭或者影响用益物权行使的，用益物权人有权依照本法第四十二条、第四十四条的规定获得相应补偿。
 
第一百二十二条　依法取得的海域使用权受法律保护。
 
第一百二十三条　依法取得的探矿权、采矿权、取水权和使用水域、滩涂从事养殖、捕捞的权利受法律保护。
 
 
第十一章　土地承包经营权
 
 
第一百二十四条　农村集体经济组织实行家庭承包经营为基础、统分结合的双层经营体制。
 
农民集体所有和国家所有由农民集体使用的耕地、林地、草地以及其他用于农业的土地，依法实行土地承包经营制度。
 
第一百二十五条　土地承包经营权人依法对其承包经营的耕地、林地、草地等享有占有、使用和收益的权利，有权从事种植业、林业、畜牧业等农业生产。
 
第一百二十六条　耕地的承包期为三十年。草地的承包期为三十年至五十年。林地的承包期为三十年至七十年；特殊林木的林地承包期，经国务院林业行政主管部门批准可以延长。
 
前款规定的承包期届满，由土地承包经营权人按照国家有关规定继续承包。
 
第一百二十七条　土地承包经营权自土地承包经营权合同生效时设立。
 
县级以上地方人民政府应当向土地承包经营权人发放土地承包经营权证、林权证、草原使用权证，并登记造册，确认土地承包经营权。
 
第一百二十八条　土地承包经营权人依照农村土地承包法的规定，有权将土地承包经营权采取转包、互换、转让等方式流转。流转的期限不得超过承包期的剩余期限。未经依法批准，不得将承包地用于非农建设。
 
第一百二十九条　土地承包经营权人将土地承包经营权互换、转让，当事人要求登记的，应当向县级以上地方人民政府申请土地承包经营权变更登记；未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。
 
第一百三十条　承包期内发包人不得调整承包地。
 
因自然灾害严重毁损承包地等特殊情形，需要适当调整承包的耕地和草地的，应当依照农村土地承包法等法律规定办理。
 
第一百三十一条　承包期内发包人不得收回承包地。农村土地承包法等法律另有规定的，依照其规定。
 
第一百三十二条　承包地被征收的，土地承包经营权人有权依照本法第四十二条第二款的规定获得相应补偿。
 
第一百三十三条　通过招标、拍卖、公开协商等方式承包荒地等农村土地，依照农村土地承包法等法律和国务院的有关规定，其土地承包经营权可以转让、入股、抵押或者以其他方式流转。
 
第一百三十四条　国家所有的农用地实行承包经营的，参照本法的有关规定。
 
 
第十二章　建设用地使用权
 
 
第一百三十五条　建设用地使用权人依法对国家所有的土地享有占有、使用和收益的权利，有权利用该土地建造建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施。
 
第一百三十六条　建设用地使用权可以在土地的地表、地上或者地下分别设立。新设立的建设用地使用权，不得损害已设立的用益物权。
 
第一百三十七条　设立建设用地使用权，可以采取出让或者划拨等方式。
 
工业、商业、旅游、娱乐和商品住宅等经营性用地以及同一土地有两个以上意向用地者的，应当采取招标、拍卖等公开竞价的方式出让。
 
严格限制以划拨方式设立建设用地使用权。采取划拨方式的，应当遵守法律、行政法规关于土地用途的规定。
 
第一百三十八条　采取招标、拍卖、协议等出让方式设立建设用地使用权的，当事人应当采取书面形式订立建设用地使用权出让合同。
 
建设用地使用权出让合同一般包括下列条款：
 
（一）当事人的名称和住所；
 
（二）土地界址、面积等；
 
（三）建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施占用的空间；
 
（四）土地用途；
 
（五）使用期限；
 
（六）出让金等费用及其支付方式；
 
（七）解决争议的方法。
 
第一百三十九条　设立建设用地使用权的，应当向登记机构申请建设用地使用权登记。建设用地使用权自登记时设立。登记机构应当向建设用地使用权人发放建设用地使用权证书。
 
第一百四十条　建设用地使用权人应当合理利用土地，不得改变土地用途；需要改变土地用途的，应当依法经有关行政主管部门批准。
 
第一百四十一条　建设用地使用权人应当依照法律规定以及合同约定支付出让金等费用。
 
第一百四十二条　建设用地使用权人建造的建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施的所有权属于建设用地使用权人，但有相反证据证明的除外。
 
第一百四十三条　建设用地使用权人有权将建设用地使用权转让、互换、出资、赠与或者抵押，但法律另有规定的除外。
 
第一百四十四条　建设用地使用权转让、互换、出资、赠与或者抵押的，当事人应当采取书面形式订立相应的合同。使用期限由当事人约定，但不得超过建设用地使用权的剩余期限。
 
第一百四十五条　建设用地使用权转让、互换、出资或者赠与的，应当向登记机构申请变更登记。
 
第一百四十六条　建设用地使用权转让、互换、出资或者赠与的，附着于该土地上的建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施一并处分。
 
第一百四十七条　建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施转让、互换、出资或者赠与的，该建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施占用范围内的建设用地使用权一并处分。
 
第一百四十八条　建设用地使用权期间届满前，因公共利益需要提前收回该土地的，应当依照本法第四十二条的规定对该土地上的房屋及其他不动产给予补偿，并退还相应的出让金。
 
第一百四十九条　住宅建设用地使用权期间届满的，自动续期。
 
非住宅建设用地使用权期间届满后的续期，依照法律规定办理。该土地上的房屋及其他不动产的归属，有约定的，按照约定；没有约定或者约定不明确的，依照法律、行政法规的规定办理。
 
第一百五十条　建设用地使用权消灭的，出让人应当及时办理注销登记。登记机构应当收回建设用地使用权证书。
 
第一百五十一条　集体所有的土地作为建设用地的，应当依照土地管理法等法律规定办理。
 
 
第十三章　宅基地使用权
 
 
第一百五十二条　宅基地使用权人依法对集体所有的土地享有占有和使用的权利，有权依法利用该土地建造住宅及其附属设施。
 
第一百五十三条　宅基地使用权的取得、行使和转让，适用土地管理法等法律和国家有关规定。
 
第一百五十四条　宅基地因自然灾害等原因灭失的，宅基地使用权消灭。对失去宅基地的村民，应当重新分配宅基地。
 
第一百五十五条　已经登记的宅基地使用权转让或者消灭的，应当及时办理变更登记或者注销登记。
 
 
第十四章　地役权
 
 
第一百五十六条　地役权人有权按照合同约定，利用他人的不动产,以提高自己的不动产的效益。
 
前款所称他人的不动产为供役地，自己的不动产为需役地。
 
第一百五十七条　设立地役权，当事人应当采取书面形式订立地役权合同。
 
地役权合同一般包括下列条款：
 
（一）当事人的姓名或者名称和住所；
 
（二）供役地和需役地的位置；
 
（三）利用目的和方法；
 
（四）利用期限；
 
（五）费用及其支付方式；
 
（六）解决争议的方法。
 
第一百五十八条　地役权自地役权合同生效时设立。当事人要求登记的，可以向登记机构申请地役权登记；未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。
 
第一百五十九条　供役地权利人应当按照合同约定，允许地役权人利用其土地，不得妨害地役权人行使权利。
 
第一百六十条　地役权人应当按照合同约定的利用目的和方法利用供役地，尽量减少对供役地权利人物权的限制。
 
第一百六十一条　地役权的期限由当事人约定，但不得超过土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权等用益物权的剩余期限。
 
第一百六十二条　土地所有权人享有地役权或者负担地役权的，设立土地承包经营权、宅基地使用权时，该土地承包经营权人、宅基地使用权人继续享有或者负担已设立的地役权。
 
第一百六十三条　土地上已设立土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权、宅基地使用权等权利的，未经用益物权人同意，土地所有权人不得设立地役权。
 
第一百六十四条　地役权不得单独转让。土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权等转让的，地役权一并转让，但合同另有约定的除外。
 
第一百六十五条　地役权不得单独抵押。土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权等抵押的，在实现抵押权时，地役权一并转让。
 
第一百六十六条　需役地以及需役地上的土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权部分转让时，转让部分涉及地役权的，受让人同时享有地役权。
 
第一百六十七条　供役地以及供役地上的土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权部分转让时，转让部分涉及地役权的，地役权对受让人具有约束力。
 
第一百六十八条　地役权人有下列情形之一的，供役地权利人有权解除地役权合同，地役权消灭：
 
（一）违反法律规定或者合同约定，滥用地役权；
 
（二）有偿利用供役地，约定的付款期间届满后在合理期限内经两次催告未支付费用。
 
第一百六十九条　已经登记的地役权变更、转让或者消灭的，应当及时办理变更登记或者注销登记。
 
 
第四编　担保物权
 
 
第十五章　一般规定
 
 
第一百七十条　担保物权人在债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现担保物权的情形，依法享有就担保财产优先受偿的权利，但法律另有规定的除外。
 
第一百七十一条　债权人在借贷、买卖等民事活动中，为保障实现其债权，需要担保的，可以依照本法和其他法律的规定设立担保物权。
 
第三人为债务人向债权人提供担保的，可以要求债务人提供反担保。反担保适用本法和其他法律的规定。
 
第一百七十二条　设立担保物权，应当依照本法和其他法律的规定订立担保合同。担保合同是主债权债务合同的从合同。主债权债务合同无效，担保合同无效，但法律另有规定的除外。
 
担保合同被确认无效后，债务人、担保人、债权人有过错的，应当根据其过错各自承担相应的民事责任。
 
第一百七十三条　担保物权的担保范围包括主债权及其利息、违约金、损害赔偿金、保管担保财产和实现担保物权的费用。当事人另有约定的，按照约定。
 
第一百七十四条　担保期间，担保财产毁损、灭失或者被征收等，担保物权人可以就获得的保险金、赔偿金或者补偿金等优先受偿。被担保债权的履行期未届满的，也可以提存该保险金、赔偿金或者补偿金等。
 
第一百七十五条　第三人提供担保，未经其书面同意，债权人允许债务人转移全部或者部分债务的，担保人不再承担相应的担保责任。
 
第一百七十六条　被担保的债权既有物的担保又有人的担保的，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现担保物权的情形，债权人应当按照约定实现债权；没有约定或者约定不明确，债务人自己提供物的担保的，债权人应当先就该物的担保实现债权；第三人提供物的担保的，债权人可以就物的担保实现债权，也可以要求保证人承担保证责任。提供担保的第三人承担担保责任后，有权向债务人追偿。
 
第一百七十七条　有下列情形之一的，担保物权消灭：
 
（一）主债权消灭；
 
（二）担保物权实现；
 
（三）债权人放弃担保物权；
 
（四）法律规定担保物权消灭的其他情形。
 
第一百七十八条　担保法与本法的规定不一致的，适用本法。
 
 
第十六章　抵押权
 
 
第一节　一般抵押权
 
第一百七十九条　为担保债务的履行，债务人或者第三人不转移财产的占有，将该财产抵押给债权人的，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，债权人有权就该财产优先受偿。
 
前款规定的债务人或者第三人为抵押人，债权人为抵押权人，提供担保的财产为抵押财产。
 
第一百八十条　债务人或者第三人有权处分的下列财产可以抵押：
 
（一）建筑物和其他土地附着物；
 
（二）建设用地使用权；
 
（三）以招标、拍卖、公开协商等方式取得的荒地等土地承包经营权；
 
（四）生产设备、原材料、半成品、产品；
 
（五）正在建造的建筑物、船舶、航空器；
 
（六）交通运输工具；
 
（七）法律、行政法规未禁止抵押的其他财产。
 
抵押人可以将前款所列财产一并抵押。
 
第一百八十一条　经当事人书面协议，企业、个体工商户、农业生产经营者可以将现有的以及将有的生产设备、原材料、半成品、产品抵押，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，债权人有权就实现抵押权时的动产优先受偿。
 
第一百八十二条　以建筑物抵押的，该建筑物占用范围内的建设用地使用权一并抵押。以建设用地使用权抵押的，该土地上的建筑物一并抵押。
 
抵押人未依照前款规定一并抵押的，未抵押的财产视为一并抵押。
 
第一百八十三条　乡镇、村企业的建设用地使用权不得单独抵押。以乡镇、村企业的厂房等建筑物抵押的，其占用范围内的建设用地使用权一并抵押。
 
第一百八十四条　下列财产不得抵押：
 
（一）土地所有权；
 
（二）耕地、宅基地、自留地、自留山等集体所有的土地使用权，但法律规定可以抵押的除外；
 
（三）学校、幼儿园、医院等以公益为目的的事业单位、社会团体的教育设施、医疗卫生设施和其他社会公益设施；
 
（四）所有权、使用权不明或者有争议的财产；
 
（五）依法被查封、扣押、监管的财产；
 
（六）法律、行政法规规定不得抵押的其他财产。
 
第一百八十五条　设立抵押权，当事人应当采取书面形式订立抵押合同。
 
抵押合同一般包括下列条款：
 
（一）被担保债权的种类和数额；
 
（二）债务人履行债务的期限；
 
（三）抵押财产的名称、数量、质量、状况、所在地、所有权归属或者使用权归属；
 
（四）担保的范围。
 
第一百八十六条　抵押权人在债务履行期届满前，不得与抵押人约定债务人不履行到期债务时抵押财产归债权人所有。
 
第一百八十七条　以本法第一百八十条第一款第一项至第三项规定的财产或者第五项规定的正在建造的建筑物抵押的，应当办理抵押登记。抵押权自登记时设立。
 
第一百八十八条　以本法第一百八十条第一款第四项、第六项规定的财产或者第五项规定的正在建造的船舶、航空器抵押的，抵押权自抵押合同生效时设立；未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。
 
第一百八十九条　企业、个体工商户、农业生产经营者以本法第一百八十一条规定的动产抵押的，应当向抵押人住所地的工商行政管理部门办理登记。抵押权自抵押合同生效时设立；未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。
 
依照本法第一百八十一条规定抵押的，不得对抗正常经营活动中已支付合理价款并取得抵押财产的买受人。
 
第一百九十条　订立抵押合同前抵押财产已出租的，原租赁关系不受该抵押权的影响。抵押权设立后抵押财产出租的，该租赁关系不得对抗已登记的抵押权。
 
第一百九十一条　抵押期间，抵押人经抵押权人同意转让抵押财产的，应当将转让所得的价款向抵押权人提前清偿债务或者提存。转让的价款超过债权数额的部分归抵押人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。
 
抵押期间，抵押人未经抵押权人同意，不得转让抵押财产，但受让人代为清偿债务消灭抵押权的除外。
 
第一百九十二条　抵押权不得与债权分离而单独转让或者作为其他债权的担保。债权转让的，担保该债权的抵押权一并转让，但法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。
 
第一百九十三条　抵押人的行为足以使抵押财产价值减少的，抵押权人有权要求抵押人停止其行为。抵押财产价值减少的，抵押权人有权要求恢复抵押财产的价值，或者提供与减少的价值相应的担保。抵押人不恢复抵押财产的价值也不提供担保的，抵押权人有权要求债务人提前清偿债务。
 
第一百九十四条　抵押权人可以放弃抵押权或者抵押权的顺位。抵押权人与抵押人可以协议变更抵押权顺位以及被担保的债权数额等内容，但抵押权的变更，未经其他抵押权人书面同意，不得对其他抵押权人产生不利影响。
 
债务人以自己的财产设定抵押，抵押权人放弃该抵押权、抵押权顺位或者变更抵押权的，其他担保人在抵押权人丧失优先受偿权益的范围内免除担保责任，但其他担保人承诺仍然提供担保的除外。
 
第一百九十五条　债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，抵押权人可以与抵押人协议以抵押财产折价或者以拍卖、变卖该抵押财产所得的价款优先受偿。协议损害其他债权人利益的，其他债权人可以在知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内请求人民法院撤销该协议。
 
抵押权人与抵押人未就抵押权实现方式达成协议的，抵押权人可以请求人民法院拍卖、变卖抵押财产。
 
抵押财产折价或者变卖的，应当参照市场价格。
 
第一百九十六条　依照本法第一百八十一条规定设定抵押的，抵押财产自下列情形之一发生时确定：
 
（一）债务履行期届满，债权未实现；
 
（二）抵押人被宣告破产或者被撤销；
 
（三）当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形；
 
（四）严重影响债权实现的其他情形。
 
第一百九十七条　债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，致使抵押财产被人民法院依法扣押的，自扣押之日起抵押权人有权收取该抵押财产的天然孳息或者法定孳息，但抵押权人未通知应当清偿法定孳息的义务人的除外。
 
前款规定的孳息应当先充抵收取孳息的费用。
 
第一百九十八条　抵押财产折价或者拍卖、变卖后，其价款超过债权数额的部分归抵押人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。
 
第一百九十九条　同一财产向两个以上债权人抵押的，拍卖、变卖抵押财产所得的价款依照下列规定清偿：
 
（一）抵押权已登记的，按照登记的先后顺序清偿；顺序相同的，按照债权比例清偿；
 
（二）抵押权已登记的先于未登记的受偿；
 
（三）抵押权未登记的，按照债权比例清偿。
 
第二百条　建设用地使用权抵押后，该土地上新增的建筑物不属于抵押财产。该建设用地使用权实现抵押权时，应当将该土地上新增的建筑物与建设用地使用权一并处分，但新增建筑物所得的价款，抵押权人无权优先受偿。
 
第二百零一条　依照本法第一百八十条第一款第三项规定的土地承包经营权抵押的，或者依照本法第一百八十三条规定以乡镇、村企业的厂房等建筑物占用范围内的建设用地使用权一并抵押的，实现抵押权后，未经法定程序，不得改变土地所有权的性质和土地用途。
 
第二百零二条　抵押权人应当在主债权诉讼时效期间行使抵押权；未行使的，人民法院不予保护。
 
第二节　最高额抵押权
 
第二百零三条　为担保债务的履行，债务人或者第三人对一定期间内将要连续发生的债权提供担保财产的，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，抵押权人有权在最高债权额限度内就该担保财产优先受偿。
 
最高额抵押权设立前已经存在的债权，经当事人同意，可以转入最高额抵押担保的债权范围。
 
第二百零四条　最高额抵押担保的债权确定前，部分债权转让的，最高额抵押权不得转让，但当事人另有约定的除外。
 
第二百零五条　最高额抵押担保的债权确定前，抵押权人与抵押人可以通过协议变更债权确定的期间、债权范围以及最高债权额，但变更的内容不得对其他抵押权人产生不利影响。
 
第二百零六条　有下列情形之一的，抵押权人的债权确定：
 
（一）约定的债权确定期间届满；
 
（二）没有约定债权确定期间或者约定不明确，抵押权人或者抵押人自最高额抵押权设立之日起满二年后请求确定债权；
 
（三）新的债权不可能发生；
 
（四）抵押财产被查封、扣押；
 
（五）债务人、抵押人被宣告破产或者被撤销；
 
（六）法律规定债权确定的其他情形。
 
第二百零七条　最高额抵押权除适用本节规定外，适用本章第一节一般抵押权的规定。
 
 
第十七章　质权
 
 
第一节　动产质权
 
第二百零八条　为担保债务的履行，债务人或者第三人将其动产出质给债权人占有的，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现质权的情形，债权人有权就该动产优先受偿。
 
前款规定的债务人或者第三人为出质人，债权人为质权人，交付的动产为质押财产。
 
第二百零九条　法律、行政法规禁止转让的动产不得出质。
 
第二百一十条　设立质权，当事人应当采取书面形式订立质权合同。
 
质权合同一般包括下列条款：
 
（一）被担保债权的种类和数额；
 
（二）债务人履行债务的期限；
 
（三）质押财产的名称、数量、质量、状况；
 
（四）担保的范围；
 
（五）质押财产交付的时间。
 
第二百一十一条　质权人在债务履行期届满前，不得与出质人约定债务人不履行到期债务时质押财产归债权人所有。
 
第二百一十二条　质权自出质人交付质押财产时设立。
 
第二百一十三条　质权人有权收取质押财产的孳息，但合同另有约定的除外。
 
前款规定的孳息应当先充抵收取孳息的费用。
 
第二百一十四条　质权人在质权存续期间，未经出质人同意，擅自使用、处分质押财产，给出质人造成损害的，应当承担赔偿责任。
 
第二百一十五条　质权人负有妥善保管质押财产的义务；因保管不善致使质押财产毁损、灭失的，应当承担赔偿责任。
 
质权人的行为可能使质押财产毁损、灭失的，出质人可以要求质权人将质押财产提存，或者要求提前清偿债务并返还质押财产。
 
第二百一十六条　因不能归责于质权人的事由可能使质押财产毁损或者价值明显减少，足以危害质权人权利的，质权人有权要求出质人提供相应的担保；出质人不提供的，质权人可以拍卖、变卖质押财产，并与出质人通过协议将拍卖、变卖所得的价款提前清偿债务或者提存。
 
第二百一十七条　质权人在质权存续期间，未经出质人同意转质，造成质押财产毁损、灭失的，应当向出质人承担赔偿责任。
 
第二百一十八条　质权人可以放弃质权。债务人以自己的财产出质，质权人放弃该质权的，其他担保人在质权人丧失优先受偿权益的范围内免除担保责任，但其他担保人承诺仍然提供担保的除外。
 
第二百一十九条　债务人履行债务或者出质人提前清偿所担保的债权的，质权人应当返还质押财产。
 
债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现质权的情形，质权人可以与出质人协议以质押财产折价，也可以就拍卖、变卖质押财产所得的价款优先受偿。
 
质押财产折价或者变卖的，应当参照市场价格。
 
第二百二十条　出质人可以请求质权人在债务履行期届满后及时行使质权；质权人不行使的，出质人可以请求人民法院拍卖、变卖质押财产。
 
出质人请求质权人及时行使质权，因质权人怠于行使权利造成损害的，由质权人承担赔偿责任。
 
第二百二十一条　质押财产折价或者拍卖、变卖后，其价款超过债权数额的部分归出质人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。
 
第二百二十二条　出质人与质权人可以协议设立最高额质权。
 
最高额质权除适用本节有关规定外，参照本法第十六章第二节最高额抵押权的规定。
 
第二节　权利质权
 
第二百二十三条　债务人或者第三人有权处分的下列权利可以出质：
 
（一）汇票、支票、本票；
 
（二）债券、存款单；
 
（三）仓单、提单；
 
（四）可以转让的基金份额、股权；
 
（五）可以转让的注册商标专用权、专利权、著作权等知识产权中的财产权；
 
（六）应收账款；
 
（七）法律、行政法规规定可以出质的其他财产权利。
 
第二百二十四条　以汇票、支票、本票、债券、存款单、仓单、提单出质的，当事人应当订立书面合同。质权自权利凭证交付质权人时设立；没有权利凭证的，质权自有关部门办理出质登记时设立。
 
第二百二十五条　汇票、支票、本票、债券、存款单、仓单、提单的兑现日期或者提货日期先于主债权到期的，质权人可以兑现或者提货，并与出质人协议将兑现的价款或者提取的货物提前清偿债务或者提存。
 
第二百二十六条　以基金份额、股权出质的，当事人应当订立书面合同。以基金份额、证券登记结算机构登记的股权出质的，质权自证券登记结算机构办理出质登记时设立；以其他股权出质的，质权自工商行政管理部门办理出质登记时设立。
 
基金份额、股权出质后，不得转让，但经出质人与质权人协商同意的除外。出质人转让基金份额、股权所得的价款，应当向质权人提前清偿债务或者提存。
 
第二百二十七条　以注册商标专用权、专利权、著作权等知识产权中的财产权出质的，当事人应当订立书面合同。质权自有关主管部门办理出质登记时设立。
 
知识产权中的财产权出质后，出质人不得转让或者许可他人使用，但经出质人与质权人协商同意的除外。出质人转让或者许可他人使用出质的知识产权中的财产权所得的价款，应当向质权人提前清偿债务或者提存。
 
第二百二十八条　以应收账款出质的，当事人应当订立书面合同。质权自信贷征信机构办理出质登记时设立。
 
应收账款出质后，不得转让，但经出质人与质权人协商同意的除外。出质人转让应收账款所得的价款，应当向质权人提前清偿债务或者提存。
 
第二百二十九条　权利质权除适用本节规定外，适用本章第一节动产质权的规定。
 
 
第十八章　留置权
 
 
第二百三十条　债务人不履行到期债务，债权人可以留置已经合法占有的债务人的动产，并有权就该动产优先受偿。
 
前款规定的债权人为留置权人，占有的动产为留置财产。
 
第二百三十一条　债权人留置的动产，应当与债权属于同一法律关系，但企业之间留置的除外。
 
第二百三十二条　法律规定或者当事人约定不得留置的动产，不得留置。
 
第二百三十三条　留置财产为可分物的，留置财产的价值应当相当于债务的金额。
 
第二百三十四条　留置权人负有妥善保管留置财产的义务；因保管不善致使留置财产毁损、灭失的，应当承担赔偿责任。
 
第二百三十五条　留置权人有权收取留置财产的孳息。
 
前款规定的孳息应当先充抵收取孳息的费用。
 
第二百三十六条　留置权人与债务人应当约定留置财产后的债务履行期间；没有约定或者约定不明确的，留置权人应当给债务人两个月以上履行债务的期间，但鲜活易腐等不易保管的动产除外。债务人逾期未履行的，留置权人可以与债务人协议以留置财产折价，也可以就拍卖、变卖留置财产所得的价款优先受偿。
 
留置财产折价或者变卖的，应当参照市场价格。
 
第二百三十七条　债务人可以请求留置权人在债务履行期届满后行使留置权；留置权人不行使的，债务人可以请求人民法院拍卖、变卖留置财产。
 
第二百三十八条　留置财产折价或者拍卖、变卖后，其价款超过债权数额的部分归债务人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。
 
第二百三十九条　同一动产上已设立抵押权或者质权，该动产又被留置的，留置权人优先受偿。
 
第二百四十条　留置权人对留置财产丧失占有或者留置权人接受债务人另行提供担保的，留置权消灭。
 
 
第五编　占有
 
 
第十九章　占有
 
 
第二百四十一条　基于合同关系等产生的占有，有关不动产或者动产的使用、收益、违约责任等，按照合同约定；合同没有约定或者约定不明确的，依照有关法律规定。
 
第二百四十二条　占有人因使用占有的不动产或者动产，致使该不动产或者动产受到损害的，恶意占有人应当承担赔偿责任。
 
第二百四十三条　不动产或者动产被占有人占有的，权利人可以请求返还原物及其孳息，但应当支付善意占有人因维护该不动产或者动产支出的必要费用。
 
第二百四十四条　占有的不动产或者动产毁损、灭失，该不动产或者动产的权利人请求赔偿的，占有人应当将因毁损、灭失取得的保险金、赔偿金或者补偿金等返还给权利人；权利人的损害未得到足够弥补的，恶意占有人还应当赔偿损失。
 
第二百四十五条　占有的不动产或者动产被侵占的，占有人有权请求返还原物；对妨害占有的行为，占有人有权请求排除妨害或者消除危险；因侵占或者妨害造成损害的，占有人有权请求损害赔偿。
 
占有人返还原物的请求权，自侵占发生之日起一年内未行使的，该请求权消灭。
 
 
附则
 
 
第二百四十六条　法律、行政法规对不动产统一登记的范围、登记机构和登记办法作出规定前，地方性法规可以依照本法有关规定作出规定。
 
第二百四十七条　本法自2007年10月1日起施行
 
 

iSinolaw Copyright 2004. All Rights Reserved 香港中华法律集团版权所有