【Title】Several Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on the
Evidence for Civil Actions
【Document No.】Fa Shi [2001] No. 33
【Promulgation Date】2001-12-21
【Effective Date】2002-04-01
【Repealed Date】
【Promulgation Body】The Supreme People's Court
【Status】Effective
【Status Description】
【Full Text】 |
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Several Provisions of the Supreme People's Court
on the Evidence for Civil Actions
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Public Announcement of the Supreme People's Court of the
People's Republic of China
Several Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on the Evidence
for Civil Actions have been adopted by the 1201st Session of the
Judicial Committee of the Supreme People's Court on 6th December
2001. We herby promulgate these Provisions, which shall take
effect as of 1st April 2002.
Dated the 21st day of December 2001
In order to guarantee that the people's courts find the facts of
cases, to try the civil cases equitably and in time, and to
guarantee and facilitate the parties concerned to exercise the
right of action, these Provisions are hereby enacted in
accordance with the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic
of China (hereinafter referred to as the "Civil Procedure Law"),
and other relevant laws, in combination with the civil
adjudication experience and physical circumstances.
I. The adduction of Evidence by the Parties Concerned
Article 1 Where the plaintiff brings an action before the
people's court, or the defendant lodges a counterclaim, the
corresponding evidential material satisfying the requirements to
bring an action shall be attached.
Article 2 A party concerned shall be responsible for producing
evidence to prove the facts on which his claim is based, or the
facts on which he rebuts the opposite party's claim.
Where this is no evidence or the evidence is not sufficient to
prove the claim of the party concerned, the party concerned
bearing the burden of proof bear the adverse consequences.
Article 3 The people's court shall explain the requirements on,
and the legal consequences of producing the evidence to the
party concerned, and impel the party concerned to complete the
evidence adduction positively, fully, correctly, and honestly
during a rational period.
The party concerned may apply to the people's court for
investigating and collecting the evidence whose collection by
himself is beyond his ability due to impersonal cause.
Article 4 The responsibility for burden of proof for the
following actions of tort shall be borne according to the
following provisions:
(1) In regard to an action of infringement upon a patent
resulting from the a patent for invention of the manufacturing
method for new products, the unit or individual that
manufactures the identical or similar products shall bear the
burden of proof to prove that its or his manufacturing method is
different from the patented method;
(2) In regard to an action of tort resulting from the personal
damages caused by the highly dangerous operations, the injuring
person shall bear the burden of proof to prove that the victim
intentionally causes damages;
(3) In regard to an action of compensation for damages caused by
the environmental pollution, the injuring person shall bear
burden of proof to prove the exemption cause fixed by law, and
that there is no causation between his act and the harmful
consequences thereof;
(4) In regard to an action of tort concerning the personal
damages caused by the breakdown, drop-out, falling of a
building, any other installation, or any article laid or flagged
on the building, the owner or the manager thereof shall bear
burden of proof for his no fault;
(5) In regard to an action of tort resulting from the personal
damages caused by the animal breeding, the animal breeder or
manager shall bear burden of proof prove that the victim or a
third party has any fault;
(6) In regard to an action of tort resulting from the personal
damages caused by any defective product, the manufacturer
thereof shall bear burden of proof for exemption cause fixed by
law;
(7) In regard to an action of tort resulting from the personal
damages caused by an common dangerous act, the persons
committing such act shall be responsible for adducing evidence
to prove that there is no causation between his act and the
harmful consequences; and
(8) In regard to an action of tort resulting from a medical act,
the medical institution shall be responsible for adducing
evidence to prove that there is no causation between its medical
act and the harmful consequences; and there is no medical
fault.
If there are special provisions in the relevant laws on the
burden of proof for an action of tort, such special provisions
shall prevail.
Article 5 In a contract dispute case, the party concerned that
claims the establishment of the contractual relation and
effectiveness of the contract shall bear burden of proof for the
corresponding facts, and the party concerned that claims the
variation, cancellation, termination, or dissolution of the
contractual relation shall bear the burden proof for the
corresponding facts.
Where there is a dispute about whether the contract is
performed, the party concerned responsible for the performance
thereof shall bear the burden of proof.
Where there is a dispute about the power of attorney, the party
concerned claiming the power of attorney shall bear the burden
of proof.
Article 6 In a labor dispute case, if an employing unit makes a
decision on dismissing an employee, removing his name from the
rolls, discharging him, canceling the labor contract with him,
reducing the labor remunerations, calculating his length of
service, etc., and a labor dispute results thereby, the
employing unit shall be responsible for adducing evidence.
Article 7 In case that there are no specific provisions in any
laws, and the burden of proof cannot be determined according to
these Provisions and other judicial interpretations, the
people's court may, according to the principles of fairness and
good faith, determine the burden of proof by integrating such
factors as the capacity of the parties concerned to adduce
evidence.
Article 8 In the process of an action, if one party concerned
clearly indicates to admit the facts to the case stated by the
other party, the other party need not adduce evidence, expect
the case concerning the identification relationship.
In case that the other party concerned neither admits nor denies
the facts stated by one party concerned, and still fails to
clearly express his negativity or positivism after the judicial
personnel's full explanation and enquiries, the other party
concerned shall be deemed acknowledging such facts.
Where a party concerned entrusts an agent to take part in the
action, the agent's admission shall be deemed as the admission
of the party concerned, unless the admission of facts by the
agent without special authorization directly results in the
admission of the opposite party's claim. The party concerned is
on the scene and does not deny his agent's admission, the
agent's admission shall be deemed as the admission of the party
concerned.
Where the party concerned withdraws his admission before the
conclusion of the court debate with consent of the opposite
party, or has sufficient evidence to prove his admission is made
under the circumstance of intimidation or serious
misconstruction, and fails to accord with the facts, the
opposite party shall not be exempted from burden of proof.
Article 9 A party concerned need not adduce evidence to prove
the following facts:
(1) Proverbial facts;
(2) The law of nature and theorem;
(3) Another fact that may be inferred and judged from the legal
rules or known facts and the routine experience and principles;
(4) The facts found by the judgments with legal effect of the
people's courts;
(5) The facts found by the awards with legal effect of the
arbitration organization; and
(6) The facts proved by the effective documents of
notarization.
If the party concerned holds sufficient evidence against the
facts specified in Item (1), Item (3), Item (4), Item (5), or
Item (6), evidence shall be adduced for such facts.
Article 10 A party concerned, when providing evidence to the
people's court, shall provide the original documentation or
articles. If the party concerned needs to keep the original
documentation or articles as evidence, or it is difficult to
provide the original documentation or articles, he may provide
the copy or reproduction verified by the people's court.
Article 11 If the evidence provided by a party concerned is
created out of the territory of the People's Republic of China,
such evidence shall be testified by the notarial organ of the
host country, be authenticated by the embassy in this country of
the People's Republic of China, or the proving formalities shall
be gone through as specified in the relevant treaty concluded by
the People's Republic of China with this country.
Where the evidence provided by the party concerned to the
people's court is created in Hong Kong, Macao, or Taiwan, the
relevant proving formalities shall be gone through.
Article 12 A party concerned, when providing documentary
evidence or detailed files in foreign languages to the people's
court, shall provide corresponding Chinese version.
Article 13 In regard to the facts about which the two parties
concerned hold no dispute, but which concerns the state
interests, public interests, or the lawful rights and interests
of others, the people's court may order the parties concerned to
provide the relevant evidence.
Article 14 A party concerned shall classify and number the
evidence material submitted item by item, explain briefly the
sources of such material, the object of proof, and contents,
affix his signature and seal, indicate the submission date, and
provide copies thereof according to the number of the opposite
party concerned.
The people's court shall, upon the receipt of the evidence
material submitted by the party concerned, issue the receipt,
indicate the name, number of copies, pages, receipt time of the
evidence, and the handling personnel shall affix their names or
seals.
II. The Investigation and Collection of Evidence by the People's
Court
Article 15 "The evidence needed for the trial of a case in the
opinion of the people's court" in Article 64 of the Civil
Procedure Law refers to:
(1) Evidence concerning the facts of possible damages to the
state interests, the public interests, or the lawful rights and
interests of others; and
(2) Evidence concerning the procedural matters irrigated to the
substantive dispute, such as adding the parties concerned ex
officio, suspension of an action, conclusion of an action,
withdrawal, etc.
Article 16 Except the circumstances as specified in Article 15
herein, the people's court shall collect evidence in accordance
with the application of a party concerned.
Article 17 If one of the following requirements is satisfied, a
party concerned and his agent ad litem may apply to the people's
court for investigating and collecting evidence:
(1) The evidence under the application for investigation and
collection belongs to the documentary materials that shall be
kept by the relevant authority of the state and must be
transferred by the people's court ex officio;
(2) The evidence belongs to the materials concerning the state
secrets, commercial secrets, or individual privacy; or
(3) The evidence belongs to other materials that cannot be
collected by the party concerned and his agent ad litem
themselves due to impersonal cause.
Article 18 A party concerned and his agent ad litem, if applying
to the people's court for investigating and collecting evidence,
shall file a written application. The application shall cover
the background, such as the name or unit name, the domicile,
etc. of the investigated, the contents of the evidence to be
investigated and collected, the cause for the people's court to
investigate and collect evidence, and the facts to be proved.
Article 19 A party concerned and his agent ad litem, if applying
to the people's court for investigating and collecting evidence,
shall not be later than seven days before expiration of the time
limit for adducing evidence.
The people's court, if disapproving the application filed by the
party concerned and his agent ad litem, shall serve the
corresponding notice to the party concerned or his agent ad
litem. The party concerned and his agent ad litem may, within
three days as of the day next to the date of receipt of the
notice, apply to the people's court accepting the application
for a review in writing. The people's court shall make a reply
within five days as of the date of receipt of the application
for a review.
Article 20 The documentary evidence investigated and collected
by the investigating personnel may be either the original, or
the true copy or reproduction thereof through verification. In
regard of the copy or reproduction, the sources thereof and the
situation of evidence collection shall be explained in the
investigative records.
Article 21 The material evidence investigated and collected by
the investigating personnel shall be the original material. The
investigated personnel may provide the reproduction or photo of
the original material if it is actually difficult for them to
provide the original material. In regard of reproduction or
photo provided, the situation of evidence collection shall be
explained in the investigative records.
Article 22 The investigating personnel, if investigating and
collecting the computer data, or audiovisual reference material
such as sound records, video records, etc., shall require the
investigated to provide the original carriers of the relevant
material. The reproductions of the original carriers may be
provided if it is actually difficult to provide the original
carriers. In regard of the reproductions provided, the
investigating personnel shall explain the corresponding sources
and the situation of the making process in the investigative
records.
Article 23 A party concerned, if applying to the people's court
for the evidence preservation according to the provisions of
Article 74 of the Civil Procedure Law, shall not be later than
seven days before expiration of the time limit for adducing
evidence.
If the party concerned applies for the evidence preservation,
the people's court may require him to provide the corresponding
guarantee.
Other laws or judicial interpretations, if providing the
evidence preservation before an action, shall prevail.
Article 24 The people's court may preserve evidence by means of
sealing up, detention, photo taking, sound recording, video
recording, reproduction, expertise, reconnaissance, making
written records, etc., as the case may be.
The people's court, for the evidence preservation, may require
the parties concerned or their agents ad litem to be on the
scene.
Article 25 A party concerned, if applying for an expertise,
shall file it within the time limit for adducing evidence,
unless the party concerned applies for the re-expertise in
accordance with the circumstances as specified in Article 27
herein.
If any party concerned that bears burden of proof for the
matters to be under the expertise fails to file an application
for expertise without tenable reasons, or fails to prepay the
expertise charges, or refuses to provide the relevant material
within a time limit designated by the people's court, and the
facts in dispute cannot be found without the expertise
conclusion, the party concerned shall bear the legal
consequences for inability to adduce evidence for the facts.
Article 26 After the people's court approves the application for
expertise filed by a party concerned, the two parties concerned
shall negotiate to determine the expertise organ with the
expertise qualification and the expert witnesses. If the
negotiation fails, the people's court shall designate them.
Article 27 If a party concerned holds any objection to the
experts' conclusion made by an expertise organ entrusted by the
people's court, reapplies for expertise, and holds evidence to
prove that one of the following circumstances exists; the
people's court shall approve it:
(1) The expertise organ or the expert witnesses are not
qualified for the expertise;
(2) The expertise procedure violates the law seriously;
(3) The experts' conclusion is based on insufficient evidence
evidently; or
(4) Other circumstances in which the experts' conclusion cannot
be as the evidence upon the cross-examination.
The defective experts' conclusion shall not be redone if it may
be resolved through the supplementary expertise, the new
cross-examination, or supplementary cross-examination, etc.
Article 28 If one party concerned entrusts, at its sole
discretion, the relevant department to make the experts'
conclusion, and the other party concerned holds sufficient
evidence to deny it and reapply for the expertise, the people's
court shall permit the other party's act.
Article 29 The judicial personnel shall examine whether an
expertise report provided by the expert witnesses contains the
following items:
(1) The name or appellation of the entrusting party, the
contents under the expertise by entrustment;
(2) Material of expertise upon entrustment;
(3) The basis for the expertise and the scientific and
technological methods used;
(4) The explanation on the expertise process;
(5) The definite experts' conclusion;
(6) The explanation on expert witnesses' qualifications; and
(7) The signatures and seals of the expert witnesses and the
expertise organ.
Article 30 The people's court shall put down records when
examining the material evidence or the spot, with the
examination place, time, examiners, persons on the spot, the
examination process, the examination results, and the signatures
or seals of the persons on the spot. The sketch of the scene
drawn shall indicate the drawing direction and time, the name
and identity of the drawing person, etc. |
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Article 31 For the excerpt of the documentation or material
related to the case facts made by the relevant unit, the sources
thereof shall be indicated; the seal of the making unit or the
keeping unit shall be affixed; and the excerpting personnel and
other investigating personnel shall affix their names or seals
on the excerpt.
The excerpted documentation or material shall keep the
integrality of contents, without garbled quotation.
III. The Time Limit for Adducing Evidence and Exchange of
Evidence
Article 32 The defendant shall defend himself before expiration
of the defense period to clarify his opinions on the plaintiff's
claim and the facts and reasons.
Article 33 The people's court shall serve the notice of adducing
evidence to the parties concerned while serving the case
acceptance notice and the notice of responding to action. The
notice of adducing evidence shall cover the principles and
requirements on the allocation of burden of proof, the
circumstances in which a party concerned may apply to the
people's court for investigating and adducing evidence, the time
limit for adducing evidence designated by the peoples' court
according to the details of the case, and the legal consequences
of providing evidence beyond the specified time limit.
The time limit for adducing evidence may be negotiated by the
parties concerned, and shall be accepted by the people's court.
The time limit for adducing evidence designated by the people's
court shall not be less than thirty days, as of the day next to
the date of the receipt of the case acceptance notice and notice
of responding to action by the party concerned.
Article 34 A party concerned shall submit the evidence material
to the people's court within the time limit for adducing
evidence, and may be deemed as waiving the right to adduce
evidence if he fails to submit such material during the
specified time limit for adducing evidence.
The people's court shall not organize the cross-examination in
the course of the trial for the evidence material submitted by
the party concerned beyond the specified time limit, unless the
opposite party concerned agrees the cross-examination.
The application for adding or changing the claim, or lodges a
counterclaim shall be filed before expiration of the time limit
for adducing evidence.
Article 35 In the process of an action, it shall not be
restricted by the provisions of Article 34 herein if the nature
of the legal relationship claimed by a party concerned or the
civil act's legal force is inconsistent with the findings of the
people's court according to the case facts, and the people's
court shall inform the party concerned that he may change his
claim.
If the party concerned changes his claim, the people's court
shall designate the time limit for adducing evidence anew.
Article 36 If it is actually difficult for a party concerned to
submit the evidential material within the specified time limit
for adducing evidence, he shall file an application to the
people's court for extending the time limit, and the time limit
may be appropriately extended upon the permission of the
people's court. If it is actually difficult for the party
concerned to submit the evidential material within the extended
time limit for adducing evidence, he may reapply for extending
such time limit, and the people's court shall decide whether to
approve it.
Article 37 Upon the application of the parties concerned, the
people's court may organize them to exchange evidence before a
court session.
For a case with relatively more evidence or complicated details,
the people's court shall organize the parties concerned to
exchange evidence after expiration of the defense period but
before a court session.
Article 38 The time for exchanging evidence may be either
negotiated by the parties concerned, and shall be accepted by
the people's court, or designated by the people's court.
If the people's court organizes the parties concerned to
exchange evidence, the date for the exchange of evidence shall
be the expiration date of the time limit for adducing evidence.
If the party concerned applies for extending the time limit for
adducing evidence and is approved by the people's court, the
date for the exchange of evidence shall be postponed
correspondingly.
Article 39 The exchange of evidence shall be presided over by
the judicial personnel:
In the course of the exchange of evidence, the judicial
personnel shall put down the facts and evidence on which the
parties concerned hold no objection on files, put down the
objectionable evidence on files by classification according to
the facts to be proved, and record the reasons for the
objection. The primal problem disputed by the two parties
concerned shall be determined through the evidence exchange.
Article 40 When one party concerned contradicts the evidence
from the other party concerned through the exchange and submits
new evidence, the people's court shall notify the party
concerned to exchange evidence at a designated time.
The exchange of evidence shall not exceed two times, unless the
people's court deems it necessary to make another exchange of
evidence for a serious case, a difficult case, or a case with
complicated details.
Article 41 "New evidence" in Paragraph I of Article 125 of the
Civil Procedure Law refers to:
(1) The new evidence in the course of the first instance
includes: the evidence newly discovered after expiration of the
time limit for adducing evidence for the first instance, and the
evidence that cannot be provided by a party concerned during the
time limit for adducing evidence and still cannot be provided by
him during the extension upon approval of the people's court;
and
(2) The new evidence in the course of the second instance
includes: the evidence newly discovered after the conclusion of
court session of the first instance, and the evidence for which
a party concerned applies to the people's court for
investigation before expiration of the time limit for adducing
evidence (the application is not approved), and which is
investigated and collected by the second instance court that
considers that the application shall be approved.
Article 42 A party concerned, if providing new evidence in the
course of the first instance, shall provide it before or during
the court session of the first instances.
A party concerned, if providing new evidence in the course of
the second instance, shall provide it before or during the court
session of the second instance, or shall provide it during the
time limit designated by the people's court in absence of court
session for the second instance.
Article 43 If the evidence provided by a party concerned after
expiration of the time limit for adducing evidence is not the
new evidence, the peoples' court shall not accept it.
Where a party concerned is approved by the people's court to
adduce evidence during the extended time limit, and fails to
provide evidence during the extended time limit due to the
impersonal cause, and it may result in the evident unfairness of
judgment without trying such evidence, the evidence provided by
the party concerned may be deemed the new evidence.
Article 44 "New evidence" in Item (1) of Paragraph I of Article
179 of the Civil Procedure Law refers to the evidence newly
discovered after the conclusion of the court session of the
original trial.
A party concerned, if providing new evidence in the course of
retrial, shall provide it upon the application for retrial.
Article 45 When one party concerned provides new evidence, the
people's court shall notify the opposite party concerned to
introduce remarks or adduce evidence during a rational period.
Article 46 If the evidence adduction is not completed during the
specified time limit for reasons on the part of the parties
concerned, and the case is remanded by the people's court for a
new trial or the judgment of the case is revised by the people's
court because of the new evidence provided during the second
instance or the retrial, the judgment of the original trial
shall not belong to the false judgments. If one party concerned
requests the other party concerned providing the new evidence to
bear the expenses for travel, loss of working time, witnesses'
appearance in court, court costs, other rational expenses, and
the direct loss expanded herefrom, the people's court shall
support the request.
IV¡D Cross-examination
Article 47 The evidence shall be exhibited in court, and be
cross-examined by the parties concerned. The evidence not
cross-examined shall not be as the legal basis to determine the
case facts.
The evidence accepted by the parties concerned and put on files
during the exchange of evidence may be as the legal basis to
determine the case facts upon the explanation by the judicial
personnel during the court session.
Article 48 The evidence concerning the state secretes, the
commercial secrets, and individual privacy or other evidence
that should not be disclosed according to the relevant
provisions shall not be cross-examined publicly during the court
session.
Article 49 When the documentary evidence, the material evidence,
or the audiovisual reference material is cross-examined, a party
concerned shall have the right to require the presentation of
the original documentation or original articles of the evidence,
unless one of the following circumstances exists:
(1) It is actually difficult to exhibit the original
documentation or articles, and the copies or reproductions are
provided upon permission of the people's court; and
(2) The original documentation or articles do not exist any
longer, but there is evidence to prove that the copies or
reproductions are consistent with the original documentation or
articles.
Article 50 In the course of the cross-examination, the parties
concerned shall make queries, explanations, and rebuttal focused
on the evidence's authenticity, relevance, legality, and aiming
at whether the evidence has probative value and the degree of
such value.
Article 51 The cross-examination shall be conducted in
accordance with the following procedure:
(1) The plaintiff exhibits the evidence, and the defendant and
the third party make the cross-examination with the plaintiff;
(2) The defendant exhibits the evidence, and the plaintiff and
the third party make the cross-examination with the defendant;
and
(3) The third party exhibits the evidence, and the plaintiff and
the defendant make the cross-examination with the third party.
The evidence investigated and collected by the people's court
upon the application of a party concerned shall be as the
evidence of this party concerned.
The people's court shall exhibits the evidence investigated and
collected ex officio during the court session, hear the opinions
of the party concerned, and may make explanation on the
situation of investigation and collection of evidence.
Article 52 Where there are two or more independent claims for a
case, the parties concerned may exhibit evidence item by item to
make the cross-examination.
Article 53 A person that is unable to express his will correctly
shall not be as a witness.
A person without the civil capacity or a person with the limited
civil capacity may be as a witness, provided that the facts to
be proved are adapted to his age, intelligence, or mental
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Article 54 A party concerned, if applying for a witness's
appearance in court, shall file the application 10 days before
expiration of the time limit for adducing evidence with
permission of the people's court.
If the people's court approves the application of the party
concerned, it shall notify the witness to appear in court before
a court session, and inform the witness of giving evidence
according to facts, and the legal consequences for giving false
testimony.
The reasonable expenses for the witness's appearance in court
shall be paid by the party concerned providing the witness in
advance, and shall be borne by the party concerned losing the
action.
Article 55 A witness shall appear in court to give evidence and
receive the inquiries of the parties concerned.
A witness may be deemed as appearing in court to give evidence
if he appears to state his testimony when the people's court
organizes the two parties concerned to exchange evidence.
Article 56 "If it is actually difficult for a witness to appear
in court" in Article 70 of the Civil Procedure Law refers to the
following circumstances:
(1) If the witness is unable to appear in court because he is
aged with ill health or has difficulty getting about;
(2) If he is actually unable to leave his special post;
(3) If it is difficult for him to appear in court because of the
especially extensive journey or inconvenient transportation;
(4) Where he is unable to appear in court due to force majeure
including natural calamites, etc.; and
(5) Other special circumstances in which he is unable to appear
in court.
If falling into the said circumstances, the witness, upon
permission of the people's court, may submit the written
testimony or the audiovisual reference material, or bear witness
via the bi-directional audiovisual transmission technologies.
Article 57 A witness appearing in court to give evidence shall
impersonally state the facts known or perceived by him
personally. Where the witness is a deaf-mute, he may bear
witness by other expression means.
The witness, when giving testimony, shall not use the words and
expressions with guess, inference, or comments.
Article 58 The judicial personnel and the parties concerned may
inquire a witness. The witness shall not audit in the court
session, other witnesses shall not be on the sport when a
witness is inquired. When deeming it necessary, the people's
court may let witnesses cross-examine each other.
Article 59 The expert witnesses shall appear in court to receive
the inquiries of the parties concerned.
The expert witnesses may make replies to the inquiries of the
parties concerned in writing with permission of the people's
court if they are unable to appear in court due to special
cause.
Article 60 With permission of the people's court, the parties
concerned may ask questions to the witnesses, the expert
witnesses, and the examiners.
The parties concerned shall not use threatening, humiliating and
inappropriate witness-directing words and means when asking
questions to witnesses, expert witnesses, or examiners.
Article 61 A party concerned may apply to the people's court for
assigning one or two persons with specialized knowledge to
appear in court to explain the specialized matters involved in
the case. If the people's court approves his application, this
party concerned shall bear the relevant expenses.
The judicial personnel and the parties concerned may inquire the
persons with specialized knowledge appearing in court.
With permission of the people's court, the persons with
specialized knowledge under application of the parties concerned
respectively may cross-examine the relevant matters involved in
the case.
The persons with specialized knowledge may inquire the expert
witnesses.
Article 62 The court shall put down the cross-examination of the
parties concerned on records, and the parties concerned, after
verification, shall affix their names or seals on such records.
V. Examination and Identification of Evidence
Article 63 The people's court shall make a judgment according to
law based on the case facts that may be proved by the evidence.
Article 64 The judicial personnel shall, in accordance with the
legal procedures, examine evidence comprehensively and
impersonally, judge whether the evidence has the probative value
and the degree of such value, and unveil the judging reasons and
results independently in accordance with the legal rules,
following the professional ethics for judges, and by using the
logical reasoning and the routine experience.
Article 65 The judicial personnel may examine and identify a
piece of evidence from the following aspects:
(1) Whether the evidence is the original documentation or
article, or whether the copy or reproduction is consistent with
the original documentation or article;
(2) Where the evidence is related to the facts of the case;
(3) Whether the form and source of the evidence accord with the
provision of law;
(4) Whether the contents of the evidence are true; and
(5) Whether any witness or the person providing the evidence has
interest relationship with the parties concerned.
Article 66 The judicial personnel shall comprehensively examine
and judge the whole evidence to a case from such aspects as the
connection degree of each piece of evidence to the case facts,
the connection among the whole evidence, etc.
Article 67 In the course of an action, if a party concerned
accepts the case facts concerning the compromise in order to
reach a mediation agreement or the reconciliation, such
acceptance shall not be as the evidence adverse to him during
the subsequent process.
Article 68 The evidence obtained by infringing upon others'
lawful rights and interests or by methods in violation of the
prohibitive provisions shall not be as the legal basis to find
the case facts.
Article 69 The following evidence shall not be separately as the
legal basis to determine the case facts.
(1) The testimony made by a minor, not equivalent to his age and
intelligence conditions;
(2) The testimony made by a witness with the interest
relationship to one party concerned or his agent;
(3) Audiovisual material with doubtful points;
(4) The copies or reproductions that cannot be checked with the
original documentation or articles; and
(5) The testimony of a witness who fails to appear in court to
bear witness without tenable reasons.
Article 70 When one party concerned provides the following
evidence, and the opposite party concerned lodges corresponding
objections but has no sufficient contradictory evidence, the
people's court shall affirm the probative value of such
evidence:
(1) The original documentary evidence, or the true copies,
photos, counterparts, or extracts thereof through verification;
(2) The original material evidence, or the true copies, photos,
video material thereof through verification;
(3) The audiovisual reference material without doubtful points
obtained by legal means and evidenced corroboratively, or the
true reproductions thereof through verification; and
(4) The record of examination of material evidence or the spot
made by the people's court in accordance with the legal
procedures upon the application of a party concerned. |
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Article 71 If a party concerned holds no sufficient contrary
evidence and reasons against the experts' conclusion made by an
expertise organ entrusted by the people's court, the probative
value thereof shall be affirmed.
Article 72 When one party provides a piece of evidence, and the
other party concerned accepts it or the contradictory evidence
against it is not sufficient, the people's court may affirm the
probative value thereof.
When one party provides a piece of evidence, and the other party
concerned denies it and provides the rebuttal evidence, the
rebuttal evidence's probative value shall be affirmed, provided
that the opposite party accepts the rebuttal evidence.
Article 73 Where the two parties concerned adduce the opposite
evidence respectively for the same fact, but have no sufficient
evidence to deny the opposite party's evidence, the people's
court shall, in combination with the facts of the case, judge
whether the probative value of one party's evidence is evidently
stronger that that of the other party's evidence, and affirm the
evidence with the stronger probative value.
If the facts in dispute are difficult to be determined due to
the incapability to judge the evidence's probative value, the
people's court shall make a judgment based on the rules on the
allocation of the burden of proof.
Article 74 In the course of an action, the people's court shall
affirm the facts admitted by a party concerned, adverse to him
and the evidence accepted by him in the bill of complaint, the
bill of defense, the statement, and statement of the entrusted
agent, unless the party concerned goes back on his words and
holds sufficient contrary evidence to reverse such facts and
evidence.
Article 75 If there is evidence to prove that one party
concerned holds evidence but refuses to provide it without
tenable reasons, and the opposite party concerned claims that
the contents thereof are adverse to the evidence holder, this
claim may be inferred and judged to come into existence.
Article 76 If a party concerned just states his claim without
any evidence, his claim shall not be supported, unless the
opposite party concerned accepts such claim.
Article 77 The people's court may determine the probative value
of pieces of evidence for the same fact according to the
following principles:
(1) The probative value of the public documentary evidence made
by the government agencies and social organizations ex officio
is, in general, stronger than that of other documentary
evidence;
(2) The probative value of material evidence, archives, experts'
conclusion, the examination records, or documentary evidence
notarized or registered is, in general, stronger than that of
other documentary evidence, audiovisual reference material, and
witnesses' testimony;
(3) The probative value of original evidence is, in general,
stronger than that of the derivative evidence;
(4) The probative value of direct evidence is, in general,
stronger than that of the indirect evidence; and
(5) The probative value of the evidence provided by the
witnesses, in favor of the parties concerned with the kinship
relationship or other close relations is, in general, weaker
than that of other witnesses' testimony.
Article 78 The people's court, in affirming a witness's
testimony, may make a judgment through the comprehensive
analysis of the witness's intelligence, moral character,
knowledge, experience, legal consciousness, professional
techniques, etc.
Article 79 The people's court shall clarify the reasons whether
or not to accept the evidence in the written judgment.
The people's court may not express the reasons whether or not to
accept the undisputed evidence between the parties concerned in
the written judgment.
VI. Others
Article 80 The lawful rights and interests of the witnesses, the
expert witnesses, and the examiners shall be protected according
to law.
Any party concerned or any other litigation participant, if
forging or destroying evidence, or providing false evidence,
hindering a witness from giving evidence inciting, suborning, or
intimidating any other to give false evidence, or retaliating
any witness, expert witness, or examiner, shall be handled in
accordance with the provisions of Article 102 of the Civil
Procedure Law.
Article 81 The people's court shall not be restricted by the
provisions of Article 32, Paragraph III of Article 33 and
Article 79 herein when applying the summary procedures to try
cases.
Article 82. Where the relevant provisions issued by this Court
before the implementation of these Provisions contradict these
Provisions, these Provisions shall prevail.
Article 83 These Provisions shall take effect as of 1st April
2002. These Provisions shall not be applicable to the pending
civil cases in the process of the first instance, the second
instance, and the retrial before 1st April 2002. |
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【法规标题】最高人民法院关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定 (附英文)
【发文字号】法释(2001)33号
【颁布日期】2001-12-21
【实施日期】2002-04-01
【失效日期】
【颁布单位】最高人民法院
【时效性】有效
【时效性说明】
【全文】 |
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最高人民法院关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定 (附英文)
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中华人民共和国最高人民法院公告
《最高人民法院关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》已于２００１年１２月６日由最高人民法院审判委员会第１２０１次会议通过。现予公布，并自２００２年４月１日起施行。
二○○一年十二月二十一日
为保证人民法院正确认定案件事实公正、及时审理民事案件⒖保障和便利当事人依法行使诉讼权利⒖根据《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》（以下简称《民事诉讼法》）等有关法律的规定⒖结合民事审判经验和实际情况⒖制定本规定。
一、当事人举证
第一条 原告向人民法院起诉或者被告提出反诉⒖应当附有符合起诉条件的相应的证据材料。
第二条 当事人对自己提出的诉讼请求所依据的事实或者反驳对方诉讼请求所依据的事实有责任提供证据加以证明。
没有证据或者证据不足以证明当事人的事实主张的⒖由负有举证责任的当事人承担不利后果。
第三条 人民法院应当向当事人说明举证的要求及法律后果，促使当事人在合理期限内积极、全面、正确、诚实地完成举证。
当事人因客观原因不能自行收集的证据，可申请人民法院调查收集。
第四条 下列侵权诉讼⒖按照以下规定承担举证责任：
（一）因新产品制造方法发明专利引起的专利侵权诉讼，由制造同样产品的单位或者个人对其产品制造方法不同于专利方法承担举证责任；
（二）高度危险作业致人损害的侵权诉讼，由加害人就受害人故意造成损害的事实承担举证责任；
（三）因环境污染引起的损害赔偿诉讼，由加害人就法律规定的免责事由及其行为与损害结果之间不存在因果关系承担举证责任；
（四）建筑物或者其他设施以及建筑物上的搁置物、悬挂物发生倒塌、脱落、坠落致人损害的侵权诉讼，由所有人或者管理人对其无过错承担举证责任；
（五）饲养动物致人损害的侵权诉讼，由动物饲养人或者管理人就受害人有过错或者第三人有过错承担举证责任；
（六）因缺陷产品致人损害的侵权诉讼，由产品的生产者就法律规定的免责事由承担举证责任；
（七）因共同危险行为致人损害的侵权诉讼，由实施危险行为的人就其行为与损害结果之间不存在因果关系承担举证责任；
（八）因医疗行为引起的侵权诉讼，由医疗机构就医疗行为与损害结果之间不存在因果关系及不存在医疗过错承担举证责任。
有关法律对侵权诉讼的举证责任有特殊规定的，从其规定。
第五条 在合同纠纷案件中，主张合同关系成立并生效的一方当事人对合同订立和生效的事实承担举证责任；主张合同关系变更、解除、终止、撤销的一方当事人对引起合同关系变动的事实承担举证责任。
对合同是否履行发生争议的，由负有履行义务的当事人承担举证责任。
对代理权发生争议的，由主张有代理权一方当事人承担举证责任。
第六条 在劳动争议纠纷案件中，因用人单位作出开除、除名、辞退、解除劳动合同、减少劳动报酬、计算劳动者工作年限等决定而发生劳动争议的，由用人单位负举证责任。
第七条 在法律没有具体规定，依本规定及其他司法解释无法确定举证责任承担时，人民法院可以根据公平原则和诚实信用原则，综合当事人举证能力等因素确定举证责任的承担。
第八条 诉讼过程中，一方当事人对另一方当事人陈述的案件事实明确表示承认的，另一方当事人无需举证。但涉及身份关系的案件除外。
对一方当事人陈述的事实，另一方当事人既未表示承认也未否认，经审判人员充分说明并询问后，其仍不明确表示肯定或者否定的，视为对该项事实的承认。
当事人委托代理人参加诉讼的，代理人的承认视为当事人的承认。但未经特别授权的代理人对事实的承认直接导致承认对方诉讼请求的除外；当事人在场但对其代理人的承认不作否认表示的，视为当事人的承认。
当事人在法庭辩论终结前撤回承认并经对方当事人同意，或者有充分证据证明其承认行为是在受胁迫或者重大误解情况下作出且与事实不符的，不能免除对方当事人的举证责任。
第九条 下列事实⒖当事人无需举证证明
（一）众所周知的事实；
（二）自然规律及定理；
（三）根据法律规定或者已知事实和日常生活经验法则⒖能推定出的另一事实；
（四）已为人民法院发生法律效力的裁判所确认的事实；
（五）已为仲裁机构的生效裁决所确认的事实；
（六）已为有效公证文书所证明的事实。
前款（一）、（三）、（四）、（五）、（六）项，当事人有相反证据足以推翻的除外。
第十条 当事人向人民法院提供证据⒖应当提供原件或者原物。如需自己保存证据原件、原物或者提供原件、原物确有困难的⒖可以提供经人民法院核对无异的复制件或者复制品。
第十一条 当事人向人民法院提供的证据系在中华人民共和国领域外形成的⒖该证据应当经所在国公证机关予以证明⒖并经中华人民共和国驻该国使领馆予以认证⒖或者履行中华人民共和国与该所在国订立的有关条约中规定的证明手续。
当事人向人民法院提供的证据是在香港、澳门、台湾地区形成的，应当履行相关的证明手续。
第十二条 当事人向人民法院提供外文书证或者外文说明资料⒖应当附有中文译本。
第十三条 对双方当事人无争议但涉及国家利益、社会公共利益或者他人合法权益的事实⒖人民法院可以责令当事人提供有关证据。
第十四条 当事人应当对其提交的证据材料逐一分类编号⒖对证据材料的来源、证明对象和内容作简要说明⒖签名盖章⒖注明提交日期，并依照对方当事人人数提出副本。
人民法院收到当事人提交的证据材料⒖应当出具收据⒖注明证据的名称、份数和页数以及收到的时间⒖由经办人员签名或者盖章。
二、人民法院调查收集证据
第十五条 《民事诉讼法》第六十四条规定的"人民法院认为审理案件需要的证据"，是指以下情形：
（一）涉及可能有损国家利益、社会公共利益或者他人合法权益的事实；
（二）涉及依职权追加当事人、中止诉讼、终结诉讼、回避等与实体争议无关的程序事项。
第十六条 除本规定第十五条规定的情形外，人民法院调查收集证据，应当依当事人的申请进行。
第十七条 符合下列条件之一的，当事人及其诉讼代理人可以申请人民法院调查收集证据：
（一）申请调查收集的证据属于国家有关部门保存并须人民法院依职权调取的档案材料；
（二）涉及国家秘密、商业秘密、个人隐私的材料；
（三）当事人及其诉讼代理人确因客观原因不能自行收集的其他材料。
第十八条 当事人及其诉讼代理人申请人民法院调查收集证据，应当提交书面申请。申请书应当载明被调查人的姓名或者单位名称、住所地等基本情况、所要调查收集的证据的内容、需要由人民法院调查收集证据的原因及其要证明的事实。
第十九条 当事人及其诉讼代理人申请人民法院调查收集证据，不得迟于举证期限届满前七日。
人民法院对当事人及其诉讼代理人的申请不予准许的，应当向当事人或其诉讼代理人送达通知书。当事人及其诉讼代理人可以在收到通知书的次日起三日内向受理申请的人民法院书面申请复议一次。人民法院应当在收到复议申请之日起五日内作出答复。
第二十条 调查人员调查收集的书证⒖可以是原件⒖ 也可以是经核对无误的副本或者复制件。是副本或者复制件的⒖应当在调查笔录中说明来源和取证情况。
第二十一条 调查人员调查收集的物证应当是原物。被调查人提供原物确有困难的⒖可以提供复制品或者照片。提供复制品或者照片的⒖应当在调查笔录中说明取证情况。
第二十二条 调查人员调查收集计算机数据或者录音、录像等视听资料的⒖ 应当要求被调查人提供有关资料的原始载体。提供原始载体确有困难的⒖可以提供复制件。提供复制件的⒖调查人员应当在调查笔录中说明其来源和制作经过。
第二十三条 当事人依据《民事诉讼法》第七十四条的规定向人民法院申请保全证据，不得迟于举证期限届满前七日。
当事人申请保全证据的，人民法院可以要求其提供相应的担保。
法律、司法解释规定诉前保全证据的，依照其规定办理。
第二十四条 人民法院进行证据保全⒖ 可以根据具体情况⒖采取查封、扣押、拍照、录音、录像、复制、鉴定、勘验、制作笔录等方法。
人民法院进行证据保全，可以要求当事人或者诉讼代理人到场。
第二十五条 当事人申请鉴定，应当在举证期限内提出。符合本规定第二十七条规定的情形，当事人申请重新鉴定的除外。
对需要鉴定的事项负有举证责任的当事人，在人民法院指定的期限内无正当理由不提出鉴定申请或者不预交鉴定费用或者拒不提供相关材料⒖致使对案件争议的事实无法通过鉴定结论予以认定的⒖应当对该事实承担举证不能的法律后果。
第二十六条 当事人申请鉴定经人民法院同意后⒖由双方当事人协商确定有鉴定资格的鉴定机构、鉴定人员⒖协商不成的⒖由人民法院指定。
第二十七条 当事人对人民法院委托的鉴定部门作出的鉴定结论有异议申请重新鉴定⒖提出证据证明存在下列情形之一的⒖人民法院应予准许
（一）鉴定机构或者鉴定人员不具备相关的鉴定资格的；
（二）鉴定程序严重违法的；
（三）鉴定结论明显依据不足的；
（四）经过质证认定不能作为证据使用的其他情形。
对有缺陷的鉴定结论，可以通过补充鉴定、重新质证或者补充质证等方法解决的，不予重新鉴定。
第二十八条 一方当事人自行委托有关部门作出的鉴定结论⒖另一方当事人有证据足以反驳并申请重新鉴定的，人民法院应予准许。
第二十九条 审判人员对鉴定人出具的鉴定书，应当审查是否具有下列内容：
（一）委托人姓名或者名称、委托鉴定的内容；
（二）委托鉴定的材料；
（三）鉴定的依据及使用的科学技术手段；
（四）对鉴定过程的说明；
（五）明确的鉴定结论；
（六）对鉴定人鉴定资格的说明；
（七）鉴定人员及鉴定机构签名盖章。
第三十条 人民法院勘验物证或者现场，应当制作笔录⒖记录勘验的时间、地点、勘验人、在场人、勘验的经过、结果⒖由勘验人、在场人签名或者盖章。对于绘制的现场图应当注明绘制的时间、方位、测绘人姓名、身份等内容。 |
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第三十一条 摘录有关单位制作的与案件事实相关的文件、材料应当注明出处并加盖制作单位或者保管单位的印章摘录人和其他调查人员应当在摘录件上签名或者盖章。
摘录文件、材料应当保持内容相应的完整性，不得断章取义。
三、举证时限与证据交换
第三十二条 被告应当在答辩期届满前提出书面答辩，阐明其对原告诉讼请求及所依据的事实和理由的意见。
第三十三条 人民法院应当在送达案件受理通知书和应诉通知书的同时向当事人送达举证通知书。举证通知书应当载明举证责任的分配原则与要求、可以向人民法院申请调查取证的情形、人民法院根据案件情况指定的举证期限以及逾期提供证据的法律后果。
举证期限可以由当事人协商一致，并经人民法院认可。
由人民法院指定举证期限的，指定的期限不得少于三十日，自当事人收到案件受理通知书和应诉通知书的次日起计算。
第三十四条 当事人应当在举证期限内向人民法院提交证据材料，当事人在举证期限内不提交的，视为放弃举证权利。
对于当事人逾期提交的证据材料，人民法院审理时不组织质证。但对方当事人同意质证的除外。
当事人增加、变更诉讼请求或者提起反诉的，应当在举证期限届满前提出。
第三十五条 诉讼过程中，当事人主张的法律关系的性质或者民事行为的效力与人民法院根据案件事实作出的认定不一致的，不受本规定第三十四条规定的限制，人民法院应当告知当事人可以变更诉讼请求。
当事人变更诉讼请求的，人民法院应当重新指定举证期限。
第三十六条 当事人在举证期限内提交证据材料确有困难的应当在举证期限内向人民法院申请延期举证，经人民法院准许可以适当延长举证期限。当事人在延长的举证期限内提交证据材料仍有困难的可以再次提出延期申请是否准许由人民法院决定。
第三十七条 经当事人申请，人民法院可以组织当事人在开庭审理前交换证据。
人民法院对于证据较多或者复杂疑难的案件，应当组织当事人在答辩期届满后、开庭审理前交换证据。
第三十八条 交换证据的时间可以由当事人协商一致并经人民法院认可，也可以由人民法院指定。
人民法院组织当事人交换证据的，交换证据之日举证期限届满。当事人申请延期举证经人民法院准许的，证据交换日相应顺延。
第三十九条 证据交换应当在审判人员的主持下进行。
在证据交换的过程中，审判人员对当事人无异议的事实、证据应当记录在卷；对有异议的证据按照需要证明的事实分类记录在卷并记载异议的理由。通过证据交换确定双方当事人争议的主要问题。
第四十条 当事人收到对方交换的证据后提出反驳并提出新证据的，人民法院应当通知当事人在指定的时间进行交换。
证据交换一般不超过两次。但重大、疑难和案情特别复杂的案件，人民法院认为确有必要再次进行证据交换的除外。
第四十一条 《民事诉讼法》第一百二十五条第一款规定的"新的证据"，是指以下情形：
（一）一审程序中的新的证据包括：当事人在一审举证期限届满后新发现的证据；当事人确因客观原因无法在举证期限内提供，经人民法院准许，在延长的期限内仍无法提供的证据。
（二）二审程序中的新的证据包括：一审庭审结束后新发现的证据；当事人在一审举证期限届满前申请人民法院调查取证未获准许，二审法院经审查认为应当准许并依当事人申请调取的证据。
第四十二条 当事人在一审程序中提供新的证据的，应当在一审开庭前或者开庭审理时提出。
当事人在二审程序中提供新的证据的，应当在二审开庭前或者开庭审理时提出；二审不需要开庭审理的，应当在人民法院指定的期限内提出。
第四十三条 当事人举证期限届满后提供的证据不是新的证据的，人民法院不予采纳。
当事人经人民法院准许延期举证但因客观原因未能在准许的期限内提供，且不审理该证据可能导致裁判明显不公的，其提供的证据可视为新的证据。
第四十四条 《民事诉讼法》第一百七十九条第一款第（一）项规定的"新的证据"，是指原审庭审结束后新发现的证据。
当事人在再审程序中提供新的证据的，应当在申请再审时提出。
第四十五条 一方当事人提出新的证据的，人民法院应当通知对方当事人在合理期限内提出意见或者举证。
第四十六条 由于当事人的原因未能在指定期限内举证，致使案件在二审或者再审期间因提出新的证据被人民法院发回重审或者改判的，原审裁判不属于错误裁判案件。一方当事人请求提出新的证据的另一方当事人负担由此增加的差旅、误工、证人出庭作证、诉讼等合理费用以及由此扩大的直接损失，人民法院应予支持。
四、 质 证
第四十七条 证据应当在法庭上出示由当事人质证。未经质证的证据，不能作为认定案件事实的依据。
当事人在证据交换过程中认可并记录在卷的证据经审判人员在庭审中说明后可以作为认定案件事实的依据。
第四十八条 涉及国家秘密、商业秘密和个人隐私或者法律规定的其他应当保密的证据 不得在开庭时公开质证。
第四十九条 对书证、物证、视听资料进行质证时当事人有权要求出示证据的原件或者原物。但有下列情况之一的除外：
（一）出示原件或者原物确有困难并经人民法院准许出示复制件或者复制品的；
（二）原件或者原物已不存在，但有证据证明复制件、复制品与原件或原物一致的。
第五十条 质证时当事人应当围绕证据的真实性、关联性、合法性，针对证据证明力有无以及证明力大小进行质疑、说明与辩驳。
第五十一条 质证按下列顺序进行
（一）原告出示证据被告、第三人与原告进行质证；
（二）被告出示证据原告、第三人与被告进行质证；
（三）第三人出示证据原告、被告与第三人进行质证。
人民法院依照当事人申请调查收集的证据，作为提出申请的一方当事人提供的证据。
人民法院依照职权调查收集的证据应当在庭审时出示，听取当事人意见，并可就调查收集该证据的情况予以说明。
第五十二条 案件有两个以上独立的诉讼请求的当事人可以逐个出示证据进行质证。
第五十三条 不能正确表达意志的人，不能作为证人。
待证事实与其年龄、智力状况或者精神健康状况相适应的无民事行为能力人和限制民事行为能力人，可以作为证人。 |
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第五十四条 当事人申请证人出庭作证，应当在举证期限届满十日前提出，并经人民法院许可。
人民法院对当事人的申请予以准许的，应当在开庭审理前通知证人出庭作证，并告知其应当如实作证及作伪证的法律后果。
证人因出庭作证而支出的合理费用由提供证人的一方当事人先行支付，由败诉一方当事人承担。
第五十五条 证人应当出庭作证接受当事人的质询。
证人在人民法院组织双方当事人交换证据时出席陈述证言的，可视为出庭作证。
第五十六条 《民事诉讼法》第七十条规定的"证人确有困难不能出庭"，是指有下列情形：
（一）年迈体弱或者行动不便无法出庭的；
（二）特殊岗位确实无法离开的；
（三）路途特别遥远交通不便难以出庭的；
（四）因自然灾害等不可抗力的原因无法出庭的；
（五）其他无法出庭的特殊情况。
前款情形，经人民法院许可，证人可以提交书面证言或者视听资料或者通过双向视听传输技术手段作证。
第五十七条 出庭作证的证人应当客观陈述其亲身感知的事实。证人为聋哑人的，可以其他表达方式作证。
证人作证时，不得使用猜测、推断或者评论性的语言。
第五十八条 审判人员和当事人可以对证人进行询问。证人不得旁听法庭审理；询问证人时，其他证人不得在场。人民法院认为有必要的，可以让证人进行对质。
第五十九条 鉴定人应当出庭接受当事人质询。
鉴定人确因特殊原因无法出庭的，经人民法院准许，可以书面答复当事人的质询。
第六十条 经法庭许可当事人可以向证人、鉴定人、勘验人发问。
询问证人、鉴定人、勘验人不得使用威胁、侮辱及不适当引导证人的言语和方式。
第六十一条 当事人可以向人民法院申请由一至二名具有专门知识的人员出庭就案件的专门性问题进行说明。人民法院准许其申请的，有关费用由提出申请的当事人负担。
审判人员和当事人可以对出庭的具有专门知识的人员进行询问。
经人民法院准许，可以由当事人各自申请的具有专门知识的人员就有案件中的问题进行对质。
具有专门知识的人员可以对鉴定人进行询问。
第六十二条 法庭应当将当事人的质证情况记入笔录并由当事人核对后签名或者盖章。
五、证据的审核认定
第六十三条 人民法院应当以证据能够证明的案件事实为依据依法作出裁判。
第六十四条 审判人员应当依照法定程序全面、客观地审核证据，依据法律的规定，遵循法官职业道德，运用逻辑推理和日常生活经验，对证据有无证明力和证明力大小独立进行判断，并公开判断的理由和结果。
第六十五条 审判人员对单一证据可以从下列方面进行审核认定
（一）证据是否原件、原物复印件、复制品与原件、原物是否相符；
（二）证据与本案事实是否相关；
（三）证据的形式、来源是否符合法律规定；
（四）证据的内容是否真实；
（五）证人或者提供证据的人与当事人有无利害关系。
第六十六条 审判人员对案件的全部证据，应当从各证据与案件事实的关联程度、各证据之间的联系等方面进行综合审查判断。
第六十七条 在诉讼中，当事人为达成调解协议或者和解的目的作出妥协所涉及的对案件事实的认可不得在其后的诉讼中作为对其不利的证据。
第六十八条 以侵害他人合法权益或者违反法律禁止性规定的方法取得的证据，不能作为认定案件事实的依据。
第六十九条 下列证据不能单独作为认定案件事实的依据
（一）未成年人所作的与其年龄和智力状况不相当的证言；
（二）与一方当事人或者其代理人有利害关系的证人出具的证言；
（三）存有疑点的视听资料；
（四）无法与原件、原物核对的复印件、复制品；
（五）无正当理由未出庭作证的证人证言。
第七十条 一方当事人提出的下列证据，对方当事人提出异议但没有足以反驳的相反证据的，人民法院应当确认其证明力：
（一）书证原件或者与书证原件核对无误的复印件、照片、副本、节录本；
（二）物证原物或者与物证原物核对无误的复制件、照片、录像资料等；
（三）有其他证据佐证并以合法手段取得的、无疑点的视听资料或者与视听资料核对无误的复制件；
（四）一方当事人申请人民法院依照法定程序制作的对物证或者现场的勘验笔录。
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第七十一条 人民法院委托鉴定部门作出的鉴定结论当事人没有足以反驳的相反证据和理由的，可以认定其证明力。
第七十二条 一方当事人提出的证据，另一方当事人认可或者提出的相反证据不足以反驳的，人民法院可以确认其证明力。
一方当事人提出的证据，另一方当事人有异议并提出反驳证据，对方当事人对反驳证据认可的，可以确认反驳证据的证明力。
第七十三条 双方当事人对同一事实分别举出相反的证据但都没有足够的依据否定对方证据的人民法院应当结合案件情况，判断一方提供证据的证明力是否明显大于另一方提供证据的证明力，并对证明力较大的证据予以确认。
因证据的证明力无法判断导致争议事实难以认定的，人民法院应当依据举证责任分配的规则作出裁判。
第七十四条 诉讼过程中，当事人在起诉状、答辩状、陈述及其委托代理人的代理词中承认的对己方不利的事实和认可的证据人民法院应当予以确认但当事人反悔并有相反证据足以推翻的除外。
第七十五条 有证据证明一方当事人持有证据无正当理由拒不提供如果对方当事人主张该证据的内容不利于证据持有人可以推定该主张成立。
第七十六条 当事人对自己的主张只有本人陈述而不能提出其他相关证据的其主张不予支持。但对方当事人认可的除外。
第七十七条 人民法院就数个证据对同一事实的证明力可以依照下列原则认定
（一）国家机关、社会团体依职权制作的公文书证的证明力一般大于其他书证；
（二）物证、档案、鉴定结论、勘验笔录或者经过公证、登记的书证其证明力一般大于其他书证、视听资料和证人证言；
（三）原始证据的证明力一般大于传来证据；
（四）直接证据的证明力一般大于间接证据；
（五）证人提供的对与其有亲属或者其他密切关系的当事人有利的证言其证明力一般小于其他证人证言。
第七十八条 人民法院认定证人证言，可以通过对证人的智力状况、品德、知识、经验、法律意识和专业技能等的综合分析作出判断。
第七十九条 人民法院应当在裁判文书中阐明证据是否采纳的理由。
对当事人无争议的证据，是否采纳的理由可以不在裁判文书中表述。
六、其他
第八十条 对证人、鉴定人、勘验人的合法权益依法予以保护。
当事人或者其他诉讼参与人伪造、毁灭证据提供假证据阻止证人作证，指使、贿买、胁迫他人作伪证或者对证人、鉴定人、勘验人打击报复的依照《民事诉讼法》第一百零二条的规定处理。
第八十一条 人民法院适用简易程序审理案件，不受本解释中第三十二条、第三十三条第三款和第七十九条规定的限制。
第八十二条 本院过去的司法解释与本规定不一致的以本规定为准。
第八十三条 本规定自２００２年４月１日起施行。２００２年４月１日尚未审结的一审、二审和再审民事案件不适用本规定。
本规定施行前已经审理终结的民事案件，当事人以违反本规定为由申请再审的，人民法院不予支持。
本规定施行后受理的再审民事案件，人民法院依据《民事诉讼法》第一百八十四条的规定进行审理的，适用本规定。 |
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